## 1992 Vorlin Documents

In 1992, Vorlin's evolution from a crude encoding of English to a language with its own identity was just beginning. The following texts were written in 1992 and published in the newsletter vidpuni.

Note: these texts were recovered from hardcopy by means of Optical Character Recognition (OCR). They are likely to contain typographical errors as a result of the OCR application not having an Old Vorlin dictionary file.

### 1992.01

As a result of ongoing evolution, Vorlin is now detectably different from its 1991 versions. Most of the changes involve the vocabulary.

deletions

A few changes are grammatical in nature. The prefix qan is tentatively discarded. The particles les and lys are tentatively discarded, to be replaced by kanmas and kanmys. (They were seldom if ever used anyway, so this should matter little.) The letter x and its phoneme [x] are discarded; this has caused a few vocabulary changes, notably nox > nok and wax > dac.

The decision to scrap the letter x was based on two factors. First, it wasn't very useful anyway, only occuring at the ends of words and limited to situations in which it was preceded by a, o, or u. Secondly, I recently saw a very interesting chart prepared by Rick Morneau which shows the distribution of various phonemes in the world's top 25 languages, and [x] is not very widely distributed compared to the other sounds in Vorlin. Use of a phoneme which is unfamiliar to a large part of the world's population is contrary to the objective of creating an easy-to-learn language.

additions

The preposition tyl has been added. This corresponds to the "translative case" of Finnish nouns (a rare declension which also existed under a different name in Berlinetta, an earlier project of mine). It is used when something "turns into" something else. For example when one kisses a frog and it becomes a prince, the phrase "turns into a prince" can be rendered as kamaz tyl vonraqrin or something like that (Of course, it could also be phrased as wanak vonraqrin...) It is also used when one considers thing A to be thing B, as in "you must think me a fool" or "I consider you a genius."

le

Foreign words used in a Vorlin sentence can be flagged by a Vorlin noun followed by the new word le instead of (or in addition to) an apostrophe. (le works a little better in speech.). I'll let the professional grammarians try to figure out whether le is a preposition, conjunction, or none of the above. Several examples of le occur in the following sample texts.

kami

It has been suggested that pir need not have been mutilated in the process of migrating from Esperanto to Vorlin, so I have restored it to pri. (There are a few triliteral morphemes in Vorlin that do not conform to the usual CVC pattern, notably tri, pro, and ist; in all cases, the exceptions were permitted to preserve the recognizability of a borrowed morpheme. Such are the compromises one must make in a language that is part sui generis and part a posteriori.)

A few minor changes in existing words have been made for the following reasons: a) to vacate certain alphabetic series of words which will be reserved for future expansion or a priori "catalanguage" patterns; b) for aesthetic optimization; and c) to enable future expansion of the vocabulary via the creation of 5-letter CVCVC nouns (to name plant and animal species, foods and beverages, and other very specific terms). Most changes have been done as gently as possible: cad becomes cod, zet > cet, etc.

I wonder if we shouldn't restrict wi to use as a copula (in sentences like "I am tall") and use something else – perhaps winiz – to mean "exist" (in sentences like "I think, therefore I am.")

pri Afrika diciza tami
about African talking drums

mod pro desin dic per tam wa vere sipa.
Method for:purpose:of sending speech by:means:of drum is truly simple.

tamist jutak tadi u toni pro dikik laf kel dom volaz desik.
Drummer uses rhythms and tones in:order.to indicate phrase which he wants to:send.

dom fabak lafi tes set de kudcepiqa ladi.
He assembles sentences made:out:of set of familiarity-perception-ed [recognized] phrases.

en lin le Bulu de jer le Kamerun, log kel habak syd le "femi" habak dus syli de tofa ton.
In language called Bulu of nation called Cameroon, word which has meaning specified:as "women" has two syllables of high tone.

zala log ny habak defa piva tonfod, zobe tamist desak samsyda jona lad le àyòñ tE mféndék, kel habak defa tonfod u syd le "cov sen pak".
This word not has distinctive individual tone-pattern, therefore drummer sends same-meaning-ish [synonymous] phrase le àyòñ tE mféndék, which has distinctive tone-pattern and meaning le "tribe without penis."

tam le nkúl wa kanjena focil tes mud kel habak dus labi tir gys.
Drum le nkúl is empty cylinder made:out:of wood which has two lips around orifice.

jun lab fakak sufa (vona) ton u het fakak tofa (gyna) ton.
One lip creates low (male) tone and [the] other creates high (female) tone.

tebe, tanifabisti zinek vuca riti pri vona u gyna nak.
In:the:past, drum-makers performed important rituals about male and female energy.

dymi rite morek bisi pro donik nak ta nova tami.
They ritually killed animals in:order:to give energy to new drums.

covi ny lasak femi tuqik diciza tami.
Tribes not allow women to:touch talking drums.

ye vontov kamaz tyl hom, te coy donak ta dom laf kel wo doma vocnom pro tamsyb.
When male-adolescent changes into man, then tribe gives to him phrase which will:be his call-name for drum-communication.

heta kali de diciza tami winaz.
Other kinds of talking drums exist.

tam le minkul habak turmeswot de jun meter.
Drum le minkul has through-middle-measurement [diameter] of one meter.

se dym ponak duq en bona lok, te reni bilaz fonik duq til teljes de won meteri.
If (some)one puts it in good place, then persons are:able to:hear it up:to far-ness of 10,000 meters.

tes diciqi de Daosa verlorist Chuang Tsu
from that-which-is-spoken-(plural) [sayings] of Tao-ish (Taoist) truth-ology-ist [philosopher] Chuang Tsu:

(Yao = jau, Hsu Yu = su ju)

raq Yao kogez ke dom fe ik vonzan Hsu Yu tyl vonraq de jer.
Monarch Yao thought that he would make Mr. Hsu Yu into male-monarch [king] of nation.

Yao dicek: "ye hir u lun lusgisaz, te vidik ronpyl wa kanfaca.
Yao said: "When sun and moon light-emit [shine], then to:see (augmentative)-candle [torch] is (opposite of)-easy [difficult].

ye juqtym tifaz, te berik hyd tal feli wa misjut de gub.
When rain-season begins, then to:carry water to fields is waste of effort.

se dim wanok vonraq, te jer wo bone goviqa.
If you become male-monarch, then country will:be well governed.

tabe dam wa vonraq u habak fyb de hubjes.
Now I am king and [I] have feeling of inadequacy.

fave govyk damia raqjer."
Please govern our monarch-nation [kingdom]."

Hsu Yu dicek: "tabe dim govaz u mun wa en pac.
Hsu Yu said: "Now you govern and world is in peace.

se dam fe wanik vonraq, te fe zinik duq pro ler nom.
If I would become king, then [I] would do it for no:more:than name.

y nom wa ler sed de ril.
But name is no:more:than shadow of reality.

cu dam volaz wi ler sed?
(interrogative particle) I want to:be no:more:than shadow?

ful kel fabak wym en bomwar lotak ler jun tig.
Bird which constructs nest in tree-(collective entity) [forest] occupies no:more:than one branch.

bis bevak tes qyl ler nuga hyd pro kafik duma hydfam.
Animal drinks from river no:more:than enough water to abolish its watercraving.

ganyz en pac, jo dama raq.
Go in peace, (vocative particle) my monarch.

dam ny notak raqjer.
I not need kingdom.

se kokist hap rita fes ny vusak cif,
If cook at ritual celebration not pays:attention:to food,

te zyvi u feszori ny gapaz tas quvan u qukar pro tuklotik doma lok."
then priests and celebrants not leap across wine and meat in:order:to (suddenness)-occupy ["take"] his place.

### syfi (texts)

lin pro zala moni: Suma

medist Barnett Russell fakek lin le Suma. dom lamek tri lamfori de doma bok: juna we "Suma, the 1000-word universal language" (Gordena, Californis: 1957), u tria we "Suma, a neutral universal language" (Plainview, New York. 1966).

vonzan Russell povez fakik lena logset tes kota log. doma lin enhabak miq de selgesa u hetgesa givi. logi ny komaz tes heta lini y wa fabiqa zat vod. coti u voki gadaz: "suma te kana nato sako" = Suma wa faca muna lin; "tama ribo te bena e kana mote pod" = lura log wa kota u face ketiqa. rovjes de logset habak rim de 2000 rodi.

zinlogi jone finaz per "i" u dinlogi per "e" o "o". zura duscopi de logi, kel habak sima sydi, code habak sima fori. nali: pamo, pimo = hom, fem; amo, imo = vonsib, gynsib; poma, pema = bona, mala, sele, sule = lun, tun.

zura log habak mula sydi. Russell rafek: "jutin jun log pro mula sydi wa vipa pri lura naca lini. qenmemponik mula sydi pri jun log wa mas faca re qenmemponik difa logi pro lura syd." mulroda logi wa rafiqa je logwabi: sula tipe = tunlor; toki kolo = citjum; sole bolo = wer le Helianthus (hirwer).

se log kel dym notak ny winaz en fica logder, te dom budak, ke dym jutyk Englisa log: "ma soki PENICILLIN te sama poma vogo" = dam kogaz ke (medsaf le) Penicillium wa muce bona medsaf.

Suma habak sipa ram. zinlog ny habak forkam por dikik temfor. "ma oki mi pigo temo" = dam vidik diq hep tag = dam pemtage videk diq. dinlogi ny kamaz por dikik wiqfor o habfor: "ma oki mu" = dam vidak doq, "mu oki ma" = dom vidak daq, "sole bolo dea ma" = hirwer de dam (dama hirwer).

malbuce, tria lamfor de doma bok sole enhabak jun lena syfnal.

### a poem by Michael Helsem

zuhe Skwykwe resaz ten merbomi.
dom ny notak zura guc en tib,
y dam kane az. en lantem dama
gelmuc lesaz kanbed poka kof,
u zallok vimaz hype jyna pro surdad.

jo Skwykwe, dicyk ta dam mod kel dim wa
gadzor sen gub! dima submera win
mise ak daq fypiz tum dam teraz
kangafe. bonmi dadaz. tan sen kam
kovak bur he dam kancele cedaz.

Somewhere Sxwaixwe dwells among seaweed.
He doesn't need any work in eternity,
but I on the contrary do. In Time my
money dwindleth despite little spending,
& this-place seems too slippery to remain on.

0 Sxwaixwe, tell me how you are
a continuer without effort! Your undersea
existence wrongly annoys me while I land-ize
uneasily. The trees remain. The sky without change
covers the city where I slowly succumb.
(Sxwaixwe is a local divinity of the Salish Indians.)

four palindromes, also by Michael:

qyd kamak dyq.
ronlat ze tome motez tal nor.
gyrnrep ze fine nifez per myg.
megset ze yore rovez tes gem.

### Vorlin Update

On March 20th, Vorlin enthusiasts celebrated the first anniversary of the language's public existence.

pronoun reform proposal

During the past months I've corresponded with several people who desire a reform in Vorlin's personal pronouns (dam, dim, dam, dem, don, dym). It has been suggested that the accusative forms should be eliminated; "why is an accusative fiexion necessary for pronouns when it is not used for ordinary nouns?" It has also been suggested that (most or all of) the pronouns should be CV rather than CVC in shape, which would make it easier to distinguish them from nouns and would increase the vowel-to-consonant ratio of many sentences. I have created the following set of possible replacement pronouns; feel free to experiment with them and report your impressions. (The possessives are formed by suffixing a, as before.)

                          singular    plural
        1st person (I)       mi         nos
        2nd person (you)     tu         tos
        3rd person (he)      li         los
        3rd person (she)     zi          "
        3rd person (it)      di          "
        3rd person (one)     ni

proposal to reduce the frequency of q and y

I've been thinking that a reduction in the frequency of the letters q and y would improve Vorlin's "look and feel." The pronoun changes mentioned above would contribute to such a reduction. So would a change in the imperative (command) forms of the verbs.

A further reduction in the frequency of q can be accomplished by changing the passive participle(s) from iq, iqa, iqe to the more a posteriori it, ita, ite. And we can make a significant dent in the frequency of y by changing the negative particle from ny to no, and changing the conjunction y to ma (its Italian equivalent).

new prepositions

I've added three prepositions: dal, dar, par. dar means "of" when "of" indicates measurement. e.g. tri kopi dar hyd = three cups of water. This helps alleviate the burden of multiple meanings currently carried by Vorlin's de. dal means "done to" and points to the object or victim of an action; par means "done by" and points to the agent or do-er of an action. These, in conjunction with per (which means "via, by means of" and points to the instrument or means by which something is accomplished), allow constniction of very unambiguous phrases and compound words. e.g. logmus rafita par Erik per hem sur mur = word-music (poetry) written by Erik by:means:of blood upon the wall. The ambiguous English phrase "the love of the father" can be rendered in Vorlin with equal ambiguity: lof de vonpam. To indicate that you mean "the love done by the father," say lof par vonpam; to indicate that you mean "the love done to (felt toward) the father," say lof dal vonpam. The former meaning of dal ("part, portion") is shuffled to bun. .

kantada tan
par Michael Helsem

mia zinaji re
jeli par tu
ze wa comhila kanbe
no jove sofa.
dan tabe per kanlascin
tu, tulmotaz
mi jula kansofaj:
be cere ke tu
retvaroz yu ho voloc mi
repe, mi kenac.
– jume kamcin sudaj
wa sola mod
turyadiz jala morcina
devfel.

"Unpatternly sky": My acts compared with yours have been understandable though not always wise. But now in denying you, i exceed any folly: for certainly that you will change back & oh! want me again, i know. – Somehow becoming a lie is the only way to get through this murderous obligation-field.)

### 1992.03 vocabulary

The following list contains the morphemes mentioned in the forthcoming version of "An Introduction to Vorlin," plus 7 more that have appeared recently in vidpuni. Abbreviations: av = adverb, cj = conjunction, ger = gerund, inj = interjection, n = noun, num = numeral, pcl = particle, pcpl = participle, pfx = prefix, pn = pronoun, pr = preposition, sfx = suffix, v = verb. L = Latin, Sp = Spanish, E = English, G = German, Esp = Esperanto.

     a      sfx     (adjectival with noun; genitive with pronoun)
     Afrik  n       Africa
     aho    inj     hello!, greetings!
     ak     v       (present tense of "ik")
     ar     n       A (the letter A)
     az     v       (present tense of "iz")
     bar    n       beard (G:Bart, It&Sp:barba)
     be     cj      because (for the reason that)
     bed    pr      because of, due to, caused by
     ber    n       carrying, bearing
     bil    n       ability (to do something), capability
     bok    n       book (Danish: bog, Old E: boc)
     bom    n       tree (OHG: boum, G: Baum)
     bon    n       goodness (L: bonitas)
     bu     n       B (the letter B)
     bur    n       city (Sanskrit purim, L: urbs)
     ce     cj/av   as (to the same degree/extent as...)
     cel    n       speed, rapidity, quickness
     cen    num     hundred, 100 (Ido: cent)
     cet    n       magazine, periodical publication
     co     n       C (the letter C)
     com    n       comprehension, understanding
     cop    n/sfx   (collective numeral - pair; trio; etc.)
     cot    n       consonant
     cu     pcl     (interrogative: indicates a question)
     cube   av      why?
     cuca   aj      how much/how many (what quantity?)
     cuce   av      how much (to what degree)?
     cube   av      where?
     cuka   aj      what kind of...?
     cume   av      how (in what manner)?
     cur    pn      what?, which thing?
     cuve   av      when?
     dac    pfx     (pejorative; denotes contempt)
     dam    pn      I
     dama   pn      my
     dan    pfx     (denotes a specific manifestation of...)
     daq    pn      me
     de     pr      of (denotes possession/association)
     dek    num     ten, 10 (Greek: deka)
     dem    pn      she, her
     dema   pn      her (possessive)
     deq    pn      her
     dic    n       speech (L: dieere + Sp: dice)
     dim    pn      you
     dima   pn      your
     diq    pn      you
     dis    pfx/n   separation, dispersal
     dom    pn      he,him
     doma   pn      his
     don    n       giving, donating
     doq    pn      him
     du     n       D (the letter D)
     dum    pn      it
     duma   pn      its
     duq    pn      it
     dur    n       door {E:door, G:Tur)
     dus    num     two, 2 (L: duo, Sp: dos, Fr: deux)
     dym    pn      one (person of unspecified gender)
     dyma   pn      one's
     dyq    pn      one
     e      sfx     -ly (adverbial suffix) (Esp: -e)
     ek     v       (past tense of "ik")
     en     pr      in (inside of/ within)(Sp:en)
     er     n       E (the letter E)
     ez     v       (past tense of "iz")
     fab    n       fabrication, synthesis, assembling
     fak    n       creation, bringing into existence
     fe     pel     "would" (indicates conditional mood)
     fem    n       woman (Fr: femme)
     fin    n       ending, finish, conclusion (Sp: fin)
     fir    num     four, 4 (Danish: fire, G: vier)
     for    n       form, shape (L: formo)
     fu     n       F (the letter F)
     fyp    n       annoyance, bothered feeling
     gan    n       going (away from...) (Old E: gan)
     gel    n       money (G:Geld)
     get    n       acquisition, getting, obtaining
     gig    num     billion (10A9) (ISV: giga-)
     go     n       G (the letter G)
     gym    n       openness, opening (Chi: kai-men, Grk: gymnos)
     gyn    pfx/n   female (Greek: gyne)
     hab    n       having, possessing (G: haben)
     hap    pr      at (atedazthesameplaceas)
     haq    num     eight (Persian: hasht, Japanese: hachi)
     har    n/sfx   container, receptacle (Ôchab + jor)
     hel    n       assistance (E: help, G: helfen)
     hep    pr      behind,in back of
     het    pn      other one, another (Gk: heteros)
     hil    n/sfx   susceptibility, vulnerability
     ho     inj     oh! (denotes any sudden feeling)
     hol    n       whole, wholeness, completeness
     hom    n       man (L: homo)
     hop    pr      ahead of (in space), in front of
     hor    n       hour (Sp: hora)
     hov    n/sfx   shield (a firm removable cover)
     hu     n       H (the letter H)
     hub    pfx/n   sub-, under-, hypo-, insufficiency
     hun    n       dog (G: Hund, Nostratic: kujna)
     hyd    n       water (Greek: hydor, E: hydro-)
     hyp    pfx/n   hyper-, over-, excess
     i      sfx     (indicates plural of n. or personal pn.)
     ik     v       make, render, cause to, -ize, -ate
     in     ger     -ing (gerund of "ik")(E:-ing)
     ina    pcpl    -ing (engaging in named activity)
     ine    pcpl    -ingly (while doing / in a manner that involves doing)
     iq     pcpl    one who gets -ed/ that which is -ed (passive participle)
     iqa    pcpl    -ed (having the named process done to it)
     iqe    pcpl    -edly (in a manner that involves havng the process done to it)
     ir     n       I (the letter I)
     ist    n/sfx   professional/habitual do-er, -ist
     iz     v       do, engage in (intransitive)
     iza    pcpl    -ing (engaging in named activity intransitively)
     ize    pcpl    -ingly
     ja     inj     yes
     jad    n/sfx   continuation, persistence
     jal    n/sfx   iteration
     je     cj      so, as..., like (= "me" and/or "ce")
     jam    n/sfx   inclination, propensity, tendency
     jes    n/sfx   quality (abstract or neutral quality of...)
     jet    n/sfx   fraction (of)
     jo     pcl     oh (vocative pcl), hey! (attention getter)
     job    n/sfx   multiple (of), multiplication
     jom    n/sfx   element (ISV -ium)
     ju     n       J (the letter J)
     jum    n/sfx   place for (establishment devoted to...)
     jun    num     one, 1 (E: uni-, L: unus)
     jut    n       utilization, usage, using (E: utilize)
     juv    n       youth (youngness)
     kan    pfx/n   opposite (of) (Sp & E: contra-, anti-]
     kat    n       cat (E: cat, G: Katz, Esp: kato]
     ke     cj      that (see also "zal") (It: che)
     kel    pn      which, who(m), that / that which (relative pronoun)
     ken    n       knowledge/knowing
     kil    num     thousand, 1000 (ISV: kilo-)
     kim    n       tallness, height, vertical amplitude
     kon    pr/pfx  with (accompanying/furnished with)
     ku     n       K (the letter K)
     kum    pn      who? (what entity?)
     kuma   pn      whose?
     kuq    pn      whom?
     lan    pfx     (denotes broad, abstract concept of ...)
     lat    n       side, flank {E: lateral, L: latus)
     le     pcl     called, known as
     ler    pr      no more than, merely
     les    pn      few, little (not much), paucity
     let    pfx     (diminutive)
     lin    n       language (Port&It: lingua)
     lof    n       love (Volapuk: lof)
     log    n       word (Greek: logos)
     loha   inj     goodbye!, farewell! (Hawaiian: aloha, Loglan: loa)
     lop    n       running (Dutch: loopen)
     lor    n/sfx   -ology, -istics, scientific study
     lu     n       L (the letter L)
     lube   av      for every reason
     luca   aj      all (every one of)
     luce   av      totally, to every degree
     lube   av      everywhere, everyplace
     luka   aj      every kind of, all sorts of
     lume   av      by all means,in all ways
     lur    pn      each, every, omni-
     lus    n       light, illumination (Sp: lea)
     luve   av      always
     mal    n       badness, undesirability
     mar    pr      at least, no less than
     mas    pcl/pn  more..., -er (comparative pcl), more (of something) (Sp: mas)
     me     cj/av   as (in the same manner as...)
     meg    num     million (1 000 000) (ISV: mega)
     mis    pfx/n   error, incorrectness, mis-, mal- {E)
     mor    n       death, dead status (L: mors)
     mu     n       M (the letter M)
     muc    pn      many, much, above average number/amount of {Sp: mucho)
     mul    pn/pfx  several, plurality (more than one),> 1, poly-, multi-
     mys    pcl/pn  most..., -eat (superlative pcl), most (of)
     nar    pr      near, close to, by (near)
     nok    num     nine, 9 (Persian: nohi
     not    n       need/ing, requiring/requirement
     nu     n       N (the letter N)
     nul    num     zero, 0
     nun    pfx     average/typical size/intensity of
     nus    pn      typical amount/number/quantity of (compare with muc, les)
     ny     pcl     not, no; non-
     nybe   av      for no reason
     nyca   aj      none, not any, no amount of
     nyce   av      not at all, to no degree/extent
     nyhe   av      nowhere
     nyka   aj      no kind of
     nyl    pa      none, nothing, nought, nil
     nyme   av      in no way
     nyve   av      never
     o      cj      or
     ok     v       (future tense of "ik")
     or     n       O (the letter O)
     oz     v       (future tense of "iz")
     pan    n       bread (L:panis, Sp:pan)
     per    pr      with (by means of), using, via
     pes    pr/cj   prior to, earlier than, before (in time)
     pet    n       rock, stone (Greek: petra)
     poc    n       politics
     por    pr      for (benefiting/favoring), for the purpose of, in order to,
                       adopted to a usage associated with, destined for
     pos    pr/cj   later than, after, post-, in the future of
     pri    pr      about, pertaining to, regarding
     pro    pr      for (in exchange for / in proportion to)
     pu     n       P (the letter P)
     pul    n       powder, dust (L: pulvis)
     pun    n       point (geometry etc.), spot, dot
     qen    pr      into
     qu     n       Q (the letter Q)
     qyn    n       flowing/a flow, current, fluence
     ram    n       grammar (rules/structure of a lang.)
     re     pr/cj   than, compared to
     rec    n       correctness, accuracy (E: correct)
     ren    n       person (human being)
     rep    pfx/n   repeating/a repetition, re- (E)
     ret    pfx/n   return, reversion (to previous place or condition)
     rid    n       laughter (L: rideo)
     rin    n/sfx   offspring, descendant
     rod    n       root-word, morpheme, radical
     rol    n       role, function (Fr: r6le)
     ron    pfx     (augmentative)
     rot    n       red color IG: Rot)
     ru     n       R (the letter R)
     run    n       letter (of alphabet) (E: rune)
     sam    pn      same one {OHG: sama, E: same)
     sap    n       wisdom, enlightenment
     se     cj      if (It.: se)
     sen    pr      without, devoid of, sans
     sep    num     seven, 7 (L: septem)
     set    n/sfx   set (complete set/group/array of)
     sib    n       sibling (brother or sister) (E)
     sim    pr      similar to, like
     sip    n       simplicity
     soc    n       society
     son    n       sound (L: sonus, E: sonic)
     sor    num     six, 6 (Loglan: so)
     su     n       S (the letterS)
     sub    pr      below, under, beneath (L)
     sur    pr      on, upon the surface of (Fr: sur)
     syd    n       meaning (of a word etc)
     syl    n       syllable
     sym    n       symbol, character (a written c-)
     ta     pr      to (precedes indirect object of verb)
     tat    pr      to (towards), at (in direction of)
     tam    n       drum, percussion instniment
     taq    pr      against, anti-, opposed to, contrary to
     tas    pr      across, trans-, tn/at the other side of
     te     cj/av   then (at specified time / in specified situation)
     tec    n       sitting position
     ten    pr      among, between, inter-, amidst
     tes    pr      from, out of, away from, made of
     til    pr/cj   until, up to (and no farther than)
     tir    pr      around, encircling, surrounding
     tis    pr      outside of
     tol    pr      above, over
     tri    num     three, 3 (Greek:tria,E:tri-)
     tu     n       T (the letter T)
     tuk    pfx/n   suddenness, abruptness
     tul    pr      beyond, exceeding
     tum    pr/cj   during, while {Esp: dum)
     tur    pr      through {G: durch)
     tus    pr      except for, excluding, other than
     tyl    pr      into (when somethg "turns into" something else [translative])
     tys    pr      instead of
     u      cj      and (G:und)
     uho    cj      and/or
     ur     n       U (the letter U)
     Urop   n       Europe
     ve     cj/av   when... (at the same time as...)
     ver    n       truth, honesty (L:veritas)
     ves    n/sfx   tint, dilution, wispiness
     vid    n       sight, vision, seeing (L: videre)
     vil    n/sfx   worthiness (of), deserving to be -ed
     vok    n       vowel (E: vocalic, G: Vokal)
     vol    n       desire, wish, yearning, want/ing
     von    pfx/n   male (Sp: var6n)
     vor    n       compromise between technical and aesthetic criteria
     vu     n       V (the letter V)
     vud    n       interest in..., fascination
     wa     v       is, am, are (present tense of "wi")
     wab    n/sfx   group, assemblage, gathering
     wag    n       cart, car, carriage, wagon
     wal    n/sfx   tool (hand tool or simple apparatus)
     wan    n/sfx   becoming, turning (into)
     war    n/sfx   (collective entity) (Esp: -aro)
     we     v       was, were (past tense of "wi")
     wed    n       marriage (OE: weddian, E: wed)
     wel    n/sfx   tool (electric or mechanical)
     wi     v       be (intransitive predicative copula)
     wil    n/sfx   tool (electronic apparatus for)
     win    ger     being, existence
     wit    n/sfx   small recognizable particle (of...)
     wo     v       will be (future tense of "wi")
     wol    n/sfx   (reserved for wal-wel-wil... series)
     won    num     ten thousand, 10000
     wu     n       W (the letter W)
     wy     v       be! (imperative mood of "wi")
     y      cj      but, but rather, however
     yk     v       (imperative form of "ik")
     yr     n       Y (the letter Y)
     yr     v       (imperative form of "iz")
     zabe   av      for this reason
     zaca   aj      this amount of
     zace   av      so (to this extent/degree)
     zag    num     five, 5 (Ro: zag)
     zahe   av      here (tom this place)
     zaka   aj      this kind of, such a...
     zal    pn      this thing (near demonstrative pn.)
     zame   av      by this method, in this way
     zan    pcl     respected person (honorific particle)
     zat    pr      along, according to, in accord with
     zave   av      at this time
     ze     pcl     (consult "Introduction to Vorlin")
     zim    n/sfx   ideology, -ism (E: -ism)
     zobe   av      therefore (for that reason)
     zoca   aj      that much/many (that amount of)
     zoce   av/cj   that much, so (to that extent/degree)
     zohe   av      there (tn/in that place)
     zoka   aj      that kind of, what a...!, such a...!
     zol    pn      that thing (far demonstrative pronoun)
     zome   av      thus, in that manner
     zove   av/cj   then ("at that time" not "in that case")
     zu     n       Z (the letter Z)
     zube   av      for some reason
     zuca   aj      any, some (an indefinite quantity of)
     zuce   av      somewhat (indefinite degree/extent)
     zuhe   av      somewhere, anywhere
     zuka   aj      some kind of
     zume   av      somehow, anyhow
     zur    pn      anything, something
     zuve   av      sometimes, anytime

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