In 1992, Vorlin's evolution from a crude encoding of English to a language with its own identity was just beginning. The following texts were written in 1992 and published in the newsletter vidpuni.
Note: these texts were recovered from hardcopy by means of Optical Character Recognition (OCR). They are likely to contain typographical errors as a result of the OCR application not having an Old Vorlin dictionary file.
As a result of ongoing evolution, Vorlin is now detectably different from its 1991 versions. Most of the changes involve the vocabulary.
deletions
A few changes are grammatical in nature. The prefix qan is tentatively discarded. The particles les and lys are tentatively discarded, to be replaced by kanmas and kanmys. (They were seldom if ever used anyway, so this should matter little.) The letter x and its phoneme [x] are discarded; this has caused a few vocabulary changes, notably nox > nok and wax > dac.
The decision to scrap the letter x was based on two factors. First, it wasn't very useful anyway, only occuring at the ends of words and limited to situations in which it was preceded by a, o, or u. Secondly, I recently saw a very interesting chart prepared by Rick Morneau which shows the distribution of various phonemes in the world's top 25 languages, and [x] is not very widely distributed compared to the other sounds in Vorlin. Use of a phoneme which is unfamiliar to a large part of the world's population is contrary to the objective of creating an easy-to-learn language.
additions
The preposition tyl has been added. This corresponds to the "translative case" of Finnish nouns (a rare declension which also existed under a different name in Berlinetta, an earlier project of mine). It is used when something "turns into" something else. For example when one kisses a frog and it becomes a prince, the phrase "turns into a prince" can be rendered as kamaz tyl vonraqrin or something like that (Of course, it could also be phrased as wanak vonraqrin...) It is also used when one considers thing A to be thing B, as in "you must think me a fool" or "I consider you a genius."
le
Foreign words used in a Vorlin sentence can be flagged by a Vorlin noun followed by the new word le instead of (or in addition to) an apostrophe. (le works a little better in speech.). I'll let the professional grammarians try to figure out whether le is a preposition, conjunction, or none of the above. Several examples of le occur in the following sample texts.
kami
It has been suggested that pir need not have been mutilated in the process of migrating from Esperanto to Vorlin, so I have restored it to pri. (There are a few triliteral morphemes in Vorlin that do not conform to the usual CVC pattern, notably tri, pro, and ist; in all cases, the exceptions were permitted to preserve the recognizability of a borrowed morpheme. Such are the compromises one must make in a language that is part sui generis and part a posteriori.)
A few minor changes in existing words have been made for the following reasons: a) to vacate certain alphabetic series of words which will be reserved for future expansion or a priori "catalanguage" patterns; b) for aesthetic optimization; and c) to enable future expansion of the vocabulary via the creation of 5-letter CVCVC nouns (to name plant and animal species, foods and beverages, and other very specific terms). Most changes have been done as gently as possible: cad becomes cod, zet > cet, etc.
I wonder if we shouldn't restrict wi to use as a copula (in sentences like "I am tall") and use something else – perhaps winiz – to mean "exist" (in sentences like "I think, therefore I am.")
pri Afrika diciza tami
about African talking drums
mod pro desin dic per tam wa vere sipa.
Method for:purpose:of sending speech by:means:of drum is truly simple.
tamist jutak tadi u toni pro dikik laf kel dom volaz desik.
Drummer uses rhythms and tones in:order.to indicate phrase which he wants to:send.
dom fabak lafi tes set de kudcepiqa ladi.
He assembles sentences made:out:of set of familiarity-perception-ed [recognized] phrases.
en lin le Bulu de jer le Kamerun, log kel habak syd le "femi" habak dus syli de tofa ton.
In language called Bulu of nation called Cameroon, word which has meaning
specified:as "women" has two syllables of high tone.
zala log ny habak defa piva tonfod, zobe tamist desak samsyda jona lad le
àyòñ tE mféndék, kel habak defa tonfod u syd le "cov sen pak".
This word not has distinctive individual tone-pattern, therefore drummer sends same-meaning-ish [synonymous] phrase le àyòñ tE mféndék, which has distinctive tone-pattern and meaning le "tribe without
penis."
tam le nkúl wa kanjena focil tes mud kel habak dus labi tir gys.
Drum le nkúl is empty cylinder made:out:of wood which has
two lips around orifice.
jun lab fakak sufa (vona) ton u het fakak tofa (gyna) ton.
One lip creates low (male) tone and [the] other creates high
(female) tone.
tebe, tanifabisti zinek vuca riti pri vona u gyna nak.
In:the:past, drum-makers performed important rituals about male
and female energy.
dymi rite morek bisi pro donik nak ta nova tami.
They ritually killed animals in:order:to give energy to new drums.
covi ny lasak femi tuqik diciza tami.
Tribes not allow women to:touch talking drums.
ye vontov kamaz tyl hom, te coy donak ta dom laf kel wo doma vocnom pro tamsyb.
When male-adolescent changes into man, then tribe gives to him phrase which will:be his call-name for drum-communication.
heta kali de diciza tami winaz.
Other kinds of talking drums exist.
tam le minkul habak turmeswot de jun meter.
Drum le minkul has through-middle-measurement [diameter] of one meter.
se dym ponak duq en bona lok, te reni bilaz fonik duq til teljes de won meteri.
If (some)one puts it in good place, then persons are:able to:hear it up:to far-ness of 10,000 meters.
tes diciqi de Daosa verlorist Chuang Tsu
from that-which-is-spoken-(plural) [sayings] of Tao-ish (Taoist) truth-ology-ist [philosopher] Chuang Tsu:
(Yao = jau, Hsu Yu = su ju)
raq Yao kogez ke dom fe ik vonzan Hsu Yu tyl vonraq de jer.
Monarch Yao thought that he would make Mr. Hsu Yu into
male-monarch [king] of nation.
Yao dicek: "ye hir u lun lusgisaz, te vidik
ronpyl wa kanfaca.
Yao said: "When sun and moon light-emit [shine], then
to:see (augmentative)-candle [torch] is (opposite of)-easy [difficult].
ye juqtym tifaz, te berik hyd tal feli wa misjut de gub.
When rain-season begins, then to:carry water to fields is waste of effort.
se dim wanok vonraq, te jer wo bone goviqa.
If you become male-monarch, then country will:be well governed.
tabe dam wa vonraq u habak fyb de hubjes.
Now I am king and [I] have feeling of inadequacy.
fave govyk damia raqjer."
Please govern our monarch-nation [kingdom]."
Hsu Yu dicek: "tabe dim govaz u mun wa en pac.
Hsu Yu said: "Now you govern and world is in peace.
se dam fe wanik vonraq, te fe zinik duq pro ler nom.
If I would become king, then [I] would do it for no:more:than name.
y nom wa ler sed de ril.
But name is no:more:than shadow of reality.
cu dam volaz wi ler sed?
(interrogative particle) I want to:be no:more:than shadow?
ful kel fabak wym en bomwar lotak ler jun tig.
Bird which constructs nest in tree-(collective entity) [forest] occupies
no:more:than one branch.
bis bevak tes qyl ler nuga hyd pro kafik duma hydfam.
Animal drinks from river no:more:than enough water to abolish its watercraving.
ganyz en pac, jo dama raq.
Go in peace, (vocative particle) my monarch.
dam ny notak raqjer.
I not need kingdom.
se kokist hap rita fes ny vusak cif,
If cook at ritual celebration not pays:attention:to food,
te zyvi u feszori ny gapaz tas quvan u qukar pro tuklotik doma lok."
then priests and celebrants not leap across wine and meat
in:order:to (suddenness)-occupy ["take"] his place.
lin pro zala moni: Suma
medist Barnett Russell fakek lin le Suma. dom lamek tri lamfori de doma bok: juna we "Suma, the 1000-word universal language" (Gordena, Californis: 1957), u tria we "Suma, a neutral universal language" (Plainview, New York. 1966).
vonzan Russell povez fakik lena logset tes kota log. doma lin enhabak miq de selgesa u hetgesa givi. logi ny komaz tes heta lini y wa fabiqa zat vod. coti u voki gadaz: "suma te kana nato sako" = Suma wa faca muna lin; "tama ribo te bena e kana mote pod" = lura log wa kota u face ketiqa. rovjes de logset habak rim de 2000 rodi.
zinlogi jone finaz per "i" u dinlogi per "e" o "o". zura duscopi de logi, kel habak sima sydi, code habak sima fori. nali: pamo, pimo = hom, fem; amo, imo = vonsib, gynsib; poma, pema = bona, mala, sele, sule = lun, tun.
zura log habak mula sydi. Russell rafek: "jutin jun log pro mula sydi wa vipa pri lura naca lini. qenmemponik mula sydi pri jun log wa mas faca re qenmemponik difa logi pro lura syd." mulroda logi wa rafiqa je logwabi: sula tipe = tunlor; toki kolo = citjum; sole bolo = wer le Helianthus (hirwer).
se log kel dym notak ny winaz en fica logder, te dom budak, ke dym jutyk Englisa log: "ma soki PENICILLIN te sama poma vogo" = dam kogaz ke (medsaf le) Penicillium wa muce bona medsaf.
Suma habak sipa ram. zinlog ny habak forkam por dikik temfor. "ma oki mi pigo temo" = dam vidik diq hep tag = dam pemtage videk diq. dinlogi ny kamaz por dikik wiqfor o habfor: "ma oki mu" = dam vidak doq, "mu oki ma" = dom vidak daq, "sole bolo dea ma" = hirwer de dam (dama hirwer).
malbuce, tria lamfor de doma bok sole enhabak jun lena syfnal.
zuhe Skwykwe resaz ten merbomi.
dom ny notak zura guc en tib,
y dam kane az. en lantem dama
gelmuc lesaz kanbed poka kof,
u zallok vimaz hype jyna pro surdad.
jo Skwykwe, dicyk ta dam mod kel dim wa
gadzor sen gub! dima submera win
mise ak daq fypiz tum dam teraz
kangafe. bonmi dadaz. tan sen kam
kovak bur he dam kancele cedaz.
Somewhere Sxwaixwe dwells among seaweed.
He doesn't need any work in eternity,
but I on the contrary do. In Time my
money dwindleth despite little spending,
& this-place seems too slippery to remain on.
0 Sxwaixwe, tell me how you are
a continuer without effort! Your undersea
existence wrongly annoys me while I land-ize
uneasily. The trees remain. The sky without change
covers the city where I slowly succumb.
(Sxwaixwe is a local divinity of the Salish Indians.)
four palindromes, also by Michael:
qyd kamak dyq.
ronlat ze tome motez tal nor.
gyrnrep ze fine nifez per myg.
megset ze yore rovez tes gem.
On March 20th, Vorlin enthusiasts celebrated the first anniversary of the language's public existence.
pronoun reform proposal
During the past months I've corresponded with several people who
desire a reform in Vorlin's personal pronouns (dam, dim, dam, dem, don,
dym). It has been suggested that the accusative forms should be
eliminated; "why is an accusative fiexion necessary for pronouns
when it is not used for ordinary nouns?" It has also been suggested
that (most or all of) the pronouns should be CV rather than CVC in shape,
which would make it easier to distinguish them from nouns and would
increase the vowel-to-consonant ratio of many sentences. I have created
the following set of possible replacement pronouns; feel free to
experiment with them and report your impressions. (The possessives
are formed by suffixing a, as before.)
singular plural
1st person (I) mi nos
2nd person (you) tu tos
3rd person (he) li los
3rd person (she) zi "
3rd person (it) di "
3rd person (one) ni
|
proposal to reduce the frequency of q and y
I've been thinking that a reduction in the frequency of the letters q and y would improve Vorlin's "look and feel." The pronoun changes mentioned above would contribute to such a reduction. So would a change in the imperative (command) forms of the verbs.
A further reduction in the frequency of q can be accomplished by changing the passive participle(s) from iq, iqa, iqe to the more a posteriori it, ita, ite. And we can make a significant dent in the frequency of y by changing the negative particle from ny to no, and changing the conjunction y to ma (its Italian equivalent).
new prepositions
I've added three prepositions: dal, dar, par. dar means "of" when "of" indicates measurement. e.g. tri kopi dar hyd = three cups of water. This helps alleviate the burden of multiple meanings currently carried by Vorlin's de. dal means "done to" and points to the object or victim of an action; par means "done by" and points to the agent or do-er of an action. These, in conjunction with per (which means "via, by means of" and points to the instrument or means by which something is accomplished), allow constniction of very unambiguous phrases and compound words. e.g. logmus rafita par Erik per hem sur mur = word-music (poetry) written by Erik by:means:of blood upon the wall. The ambiguous English phrase "the love of the father" can be rendered in Vorlin with equal ambiguity: lof de vonpam. To indicate that you mean "the love done by the father," say lof par vonpam; to indicate that you mean "the love done to (felt toward) the father," say lof dal vonpam. The former meaning of dal ("part, portion") is shuffled to bun. .
kantada tan
par Michael Helsem
mia zinaji re
jeli par tu
ze wa comhila kanbe
no jove sofa.
dan tabe per kanlascin
tu, tulmotaz
mi jula kansofaj:
be cere ke tu
retvaroz yu ho voloc mi
repe, mi kenac.
– jume kamcin sudaj
wa sola mod
turyadiz jala morcina
devfel.
"Unpatternly sky": My acts compared with yours have been understandable though not always wise. But now in denying you, i exceed any folly: for certainly that you will change back & oh! want me again, i know. – Somehow becoming a lie is the only way to get through this murderous obligation-field.)
The following list contains the morphemes mentioned in the forthcoming version of "An Introduction to Vorlin," plus 7 more that have appeared recently in vidpuni. Abbreviations: av = adverb, cj = conjunction, ger = gerund, inj = interjection, n = noun, num = numeral, pcl = particle, pcpl = participle, pfx = prefix, pn = pronoun, pr = preposition, sfx = suffix, v = verb. L = Latin, Sp = Spanish, E = English, G = German, Esp = Esperanto.
a sfx (adjectival with noun; genitive with pronoun)
Afrik n Africa
aho inj hello!, greetings!
ak v (present tense of "ik")
ar n A (the letter A)
az v (present tense of "iz")
bar n beard (G:Bart, It&Sp:barba)
be cj because (for the reason that)
bed pr because of, due to, caused by
ber n carrying, bearing
bil n ability (to do something), capability
bok n book (Danish: bog, Old E: boc)
bom n tree (OHG: boum, G: Baum)
bon n goodness (L: bonitas)
bu n B (the letter B)
bur n city (Sanskrit purim, L: urbs)
ce cj/av as (to the same degree/extent as...)
cel n speed, rapidity, quickness
cen num hundred, 100 (Ido: cent)
cet n magazine, periodical publication
co n C (the letter C)
com n comprehension, understanding
cop n/sfx (collective numeral - pair; trio; etc.)
cot n consonant
cu pcl (interrogative: indicates a question)
cube av why?
cuca aj how much/how many (what quantity?)
cuce av how much (to what degree)?
cube av where?
cuka aj what kind of...?
cume av how (in what manner)?
cur pn what?, which thing?
cuve av when?
dac pfx (pejorative; denotes contempt)
dam pn I
dama pn my
dan pfx (denotes a specific manifestation of...)
daq pn me
de pr of (denotes possession/association)
dek num ten, 10 (Greek: deka)
dem pn she, her
dema pn her (possessive)
deq pn her
dic n speech (L: dieere + Sp: dice)
dim pn you
dima pn your
diq pn you
dis pfx/n separation, dispersal
dom pn he,him
doma pn his
don n giving, donating
doq pn him
du n D (the letter D)
dum pn it
duma pn its
duq pn it
dur n door {E:door, G:Tur)
dus num two, 2 (L: duo, Sp: dos, Fr: deux)
dym pn one (person of unspecified gender)
dyma pn one's
dyq pn one
e sfx -ly (adverbial suffix) (Esp: -e)
ek v (past tense of "ik")
en pr in (inside of/ within)(Sp:en)
er n E (the letter E)
ez v (past tense of "iz")
fab n fabrication, synthesis, assembling
fak n creation, bringing into existence
fe pel "would" (indicates conditional mood)
fem n woman (Fr: femme)
fin n ending, finish, conclusion (Sp: fin)
fir num four, 4 (Danish: fire, G: vier)
for n form, shape (L: formo)
fu n F (the letter F)
fyp n annoyance, bothered feeling
gan n going (away from...) (Old E: gan)
gel n money (G:Geld)
get n acquisition, getting, obtaining
gig num billion (10A9) (ISV: giga-)
go n G (the letter G)
gym n openness, opening (Chi: kai-men, Grk: gymnos)
gyn pfx/n female (Greek: gyne)
hab n having, possessing (G: haben)
hap pr at (atedazthesameplaceas)
haq num eight (Persian: hasht, Japanese: hachi)
har n/sfx container, receptacle (Ôchab + jor)
hel n assistance (E: help, G: helfen)
hep pr behind,in back of
het pn other one, another (Gk: heteros)
hil n/sfx susceptibility, vulnerability
ho inj oh! (denotes any sudden feeling)
hol n whole, wholeness, completeness
hom n man (L: homo)
hop pr ahead of (in space), in front of
hor n hour (Sp: hora)
hov n/sfx shield (a firm removable cover)
hu n H (the letter H)
hub pfx/n sub-, under-, hypo-, insufficiency
hun n dog (G: Hund, Nostratic: kujna)
hyd n water (Greek: hydor, E: hydro-)
hyp pfx/n hyper-, over-, excess
i sfx (indicates plural of n. or personal pn.)
ik v make, render, cause to, -ize, -ate
in ger -ing (gerund of "ik")(E:-ing)
ina pcpl -ing (engaging in named activity)
ine pcpl -ingly (while doing / in a manner that involves doing)
iq pcpl one who gets -ed/ that which is -ed (passive participle)
iqa pcpl -ed (having the named process done to it)
iqe pcpl -edly (in a manner that involves havng the process done to it)
ir n I (the letter I)
ist n/sfx professional/habitual do-er, -ist
iz v do, engage in (intransitive)
iza pcpl -ing (engaging in named activity intransitively)
ize pcpl -ingly
ja inj yes
jad n/sfx continuation, persistence
jal n/sfx iteration
je cj so, as..., like (= "me" and/or "ce")
jam n/sfx inclination, propensity, tendency
jes n/sfx quality (abstract or neutral quality of...)
jet n/sfx fraction (of)
jo pcl oh (vocative pcl), hey! (attention getter)
job n/sfx multiple (of), multiplication
jom n/sfx element (ISV -ium)
ju n J (the letter J)
jum n/sfx place for (establishment devoted to...)
jun num one, 1 (E: uni-, L: unus)
jut n utilization, usage, using (E: utilize)
juv n youth (youngness)
kan pfx/n opposite (of) (Sp & E: contra-, anti-]
kat n cat (E: cat, G: Katz, Esp: kato]
ke cj that (see also "zal") (It: che)
kel pn which, who(m), that / that which (relative pronoun)
ken n knowledge/knowing
kil num thousand, 1000 (ISV: kilo-)
kim n tallness, height, vertical amplitude
kon pr/pfx with (accompanying/furnished with)
ku n K (the letter K)
kum pn who? (what entity?)
kuma pn whose?
kuq pn whom?
lan pfx (denotes broad, abstract concept of ...)
lat n side, flank {E: lateral, L: latus)
le pcl called, known as
ler pr no more than, merely
les pn few, little (not much), paucity
let pfx (diminutive)
lin n language (Port&It: lingua)
lof n love (Volapuk: lof)
log n word (Greek: logos)
loha inj goodbye!, farewell! (Hawaiian: aloha, Loglan: loa)
lop n running (Dutch: loopen)
lor n/sfx -ology, -istics, scientific study
lu n L (the letter L)
lube av for every reason
luca aj all (every one of)
luce av totally, to every degree
lube av everywhere, everyplace
luka aj every kind of, all sorts of
lume av by all means,in all ways
lur pn each, every, omni-
lus n light, illumination (Sp: lea)
luve av always
mal n badness, undesirability
mar pr at least, no less than
mas pcl/pn more..., -er (comparative pcl), more (of something) (Sp: mas)
me cj/av as (in the same manner as...)
meg num million (1 000 000) (ISV: mega)
mis pfx/n error, incorrectness, mis-, mal- {E)
mor n death, dead status (L: mors)
mu n M (the letter M)
muc pn many, much, above average number/amount of {Sp: mucho)
mul pn/pfx several, plurality (more than one),> 1, poly-, multi-
mys pcl/pn most..., -eat (superlative pcl), most (of)
nar pr near, close to, by (near)
nok num nine, 9 (Persian: nohi
not n need/ing, requiring/requirement
nu n N (the letter N)
nul num zero, 0
nun pfx average/typical size/intensity of
nus pn typical amount/number/quantity of (compare with muc, les)
ny pcl not, no; non-
nybe av for no reason
nyca aj none, not any, no amount of
nyce av not at all, to no degree/extent
nyhe av nowhere
nyka aj no kind of
nyl pa none, nothing, nought, nil
nyme av in no way
nyve av never
o cj or
ok v (future tense of "ik")
or n O (the letter O)
oz v (future tense of "iz")
pan n bread (L:panis, Sp:pan)
per pr with (by means of), using, via
pes pr/cj prior to, earlier than, before (in time)
pet n rock, stone (Greek: petra)
poc n politics
por pr for (benefiting/favoring), for the purpose of, in order to,
adopted to a usage associated with, destined for
pos pr/cj later than, after, post-, in the future of
pri pr about, pertaining to, regarding
pro pr for (in exchange for / in proportion to)
pu n P (the letter P)
pul n powder, dust (L: pulvis)
pun n point (geometry etc.), spot, dot
qen pr into
qu n Q (the letter Q)
qyn n flowing/a flow, current, fluence
ram n grammar (rules/structure of a lang.)
re pr/cj than, compared to
rec n correctness, accuracy (E: correct)
ren n person (human being)
rep pfx/n repeating/a repetition, re- (E)
ret pfx/n return, reversion (to previous place or condition)
rid n laughter (L: rideo)
rin n/sfx offspring, descendant
rod n root-word, morpheme, radical
rol n role, function (Fr: r6le)
ron pfx (augmentative)
rot n red color IG: Rot)
ru n R (the letter R)
run n letter (of alphabet) (E: rune)
sam pn same one {OHG: sama, E: same)
sap n wisdom, enlightenment
se cj if (It.: se)
sen pr without, devoid of, sans
sep num seven, 7 (L: septem)
set n/sfx set (complete set/group/array of)
sib n sibling (brother or sister) (E)
sim pr similar to, like
sip n simplicity
soc n society
son n sound (L: sonus, E: sonic)
sor num six, 6 (Loglan: so)
su n S (the letterS)
sub pr below, under, beneath (L)
sur pr on, upon the surface of (Fr: sur)
syd n meaning (of a word etc)
syl n syllable
sym n symbol, character (a written c-)
ta pr to (precedes indirect object of verb)
tat pr to (towards), at (in direction of)
tam n drum, percussion instniment
taq pr against, anti-, opposed to, contrary to
tas pr across, trans-, tn/at the other side of
te cj/av then (at specified time / in specified situation)
tec n sitting position
ten pr among, between, inter-, amidst
tes pr from, out of, away from, made of
til pr/cj until, up to (and no farther than)
tir pr around, encircling, surrounding
tis pr outside of
tol pr above, over
tri num three, 3 (Greek:tria,E:tri-)
tu n T (the letter T)
tuk pfx/n suddenness, abruptness
tul pr beyond, exceeding
tum pr/cj during, while {Esp: dum)
tur pr through {G: durch)
tus pr except for, excluding, other than
tyl pr into (when somethg "turns into" something else [translative])
tys pr instead of
u cj and (G:und)
uho cj and/or
ur n U (the letter U)
Urop n Europe
ve cj/av when... (at the same time as...)
ver n truth, honesty (L:veritas)
ves n/sfx tint, dilution, wispiness
vid n sight, vision, seeing (L: videre)
vil n/sfx worthiness (of), deserving to be -ed
vok n vowel (E: vocalic, G: Vokal)
vol n desire, wish, yearning, want/ing
von pfx/n male (Sp: var6n)
vor n compromise between technical and aesthetic criteria
vu n V (the letter V)
vud n interest in..., fascination
wa v is, am, are (present tense of "wi")
wab n/sfx group, assemblage, gathering
wag n cart, car, carriage, wagon
wal n/sfx tool (hand tool or simple apparatus)
wan n/sfx becoming, turning (into)
war n/sfx (collective entity) (Esp: -aro)
we v was, were (past tense of "wi")
wed n marriage (OE: weddian, E: wed)
wel n/sfx tool (electric or mechanical)
wi v be (intransitive predicative copula)
wil n/sfx tool (electronic apparatus for)
win ger being, existence
wit n/sfx small recognizable particle (of...)
wo v will be (future tense of "wi")
wol n/sfx (reserved for wal-wel-wil... series)
won num ten thousand, 10000
wu n W (the letter W)
wy v be! (imperative mood of "wi")
y cj but, but rather, however
yk v (imperative form of "ik")
yr n Y (the letter Y)
yr v (imperative form of "iz")
zabe av for this reason
zaca aj this amount of
zace av so (to this extent/degree)
zag num five, 5 (Ro: zag)
zahe av here (tom this place)
zaka aj this kind of, such a...
zal pn this thing (near demonstrative pn.)
zame av by this method, in this way
zan pcl respected person (honorific particle)
zat pr along, according to, in accord with
zave av at this time
ze pcl (consult "Introduction to Vorlin")
zim n/sfx ideology, -ism (E: -ism)
zobe av therefore (for that reason)
zoca aj that much/many (that amount of)
zoce av/cj that much, so (to that extent/degree)
zohe av there (tn/in that place)
zoka aj that kind of, what a...!, such a...!
zol pn that thing (far demonstrative pronoun)
zome av thus, in that manner
zove av/cj then ("at that time" not "in that case")
zu n Z (the letter Z)
zube av for some reason
zuca aj any, some (an indefinite quantity of)
zuce av somewhat (indefinite degree/extent)
zuhe av somewhere, anywhere
zuka aj some kind of
zume av somehow, anyhow
zur pn anything, something
zuve av sometimes, anytime