Aredos Grammar II - Nouns (long-ish)
| From: | Dan Jones <feuchard@...> |
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| Date: | Wednesday, July 18, 2001, 22:00 |
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In the last post I promised nominal morphology and nominal morphology you
shall get! I was intending on covering nominal syntax at the same time but
the list of paradigms looks intimidating enough as it is. Any thoughts?
Nouns
Aredos distinguishes nine cases in the noun: nominative, vocative,
accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative and instrumental. Early
Aredos distinguished three numbers: singular, dual and plural, although in
Classical Aredos the dual number fell into disuse. All nouns are one of
three genders- masculine, feminine or neuter.
Declension I - a-stems
The a-stems are mainly feminine, although they do include a few masculines.
Example given: acua "water"
Singular: Dual Plural
nom acua acuáe acuae
voc acua acuáe acuae
acc acuam acuáe acuans
gen acuás acuáus acuarom
dat acuae acuámó acuávos
abl acuá acuó acuáes (1)
loc acuáe acuáus acuámís
inst acuám acuámó acuáro
(1) In the singular and dual alternative forms such as acuad and acuud are
found, especially in early literature.
Declension II - o-stems
O-stem nouns are either masculine or neuter, and form the vast majority of
nouns in Aredos. Examples given: agros "field" and celnom "blanket".
Masculine nouns
Singular: Dual Plural
nom agros agró agrí
voc agre agró agrí
acc agrom agró agrons
gen agrosio agrús agrorom
dat agrí agróvio agrís
abl agró agrú agrovios
loc agro agrús agromís
inst agrome agróvio agroro
Neuter nouns
Singular: Dual Plural
nom celnom celnó celná
voc celnom celnó celná
acc celnom celnó celnons
gen celnosio celnús celniom
dat celní celnóvio celnís
abl celnó celnú celnovios
loc celno celnús celnomís
inst celnome celnóvio celnoro
Declension III - athematic stems (i.e. everything else)
R-stems
R-stems generally compromise nouns relating to family members, although
there are some exceptions. There are only twelve r-stem nouns known in
Aredos, so the category is not incredibly difficult to learn (they are
presented below). Example given: páter "father"
Singular: Dual Plural
nom páter pátró pátrés
voc páter pátró pátrés
acc pátrem pátró pátrens
gen pátres patrús pátrom
dat pátrí pátróvio pátrís
abl pátrí pátrú pátrevios
loc pátre pátrús pátremís
inst pátreme pátróvio pátrero
Aredos's thirteen r-stem nouns [with etymologies]
aher "day", oblique stem acr- [*agher]
cicer "pea", oblique stem cicr-[*k'ik'er]
dáever "brother in law", oblique stem dáiur- [*da:iwer]
fráter "brother", oblique stem frátr- [*bhra:ter]
glóver "sister in law", oblique stem glúr- [*g'lo:wer]
heror "fist", oblique stem hestr- [*g'hesor "hand"]
ienater "sister, comrade", oblique stem ientr- [*yen@ter "sister in law"]
máter "mother", oblique stem mátr- [*ma:ter]
ner "man", oblique stem anr- [*ner]
néter "snake", oblique stem nétr- [*ne:ter]
páter "father", oblique stem pátr- [*pa:ter]
sueror "sister", oblique stem suestr- [*swesor]
zugáter "daughter", oblique stem zugátr- [*dhuga:ter]
I-stems
I-stems are not incredibly frequent, although there are a few about. They
can be of any gender, although most commonly neuter. Example given: aguris
"axe"
Singular: Dual Plural
nom aguris agurió agurés
voc aguris agurió agurés
acc agurem agurió agurens
gen aguris aguriús aguriom
dat agurí agurívio agurís
abl aguré aguriú agurivos
loc agure aguriús aguremís
inst agureme agurívio aguriro
N-stems
N-stems are odd because the eponymous n only occurs in the oblique cases.
They can be of any gender, although the majority of masculine n-stems are
personal names such as Arió, from PIE *aryo:n, "noble one". Example given:
zrodó "colour"
Singular: Dual Plural
nom zrodó zrodono zrodonés
voc zrodó zrodono zrodonés
acc zrodonem zrodono zrodons, zrodonens
gen zrodones zrodonús zrodon, zrodonom
dat zrodoní zrodonóvio zrodonís
abl zrodoní zrodonú zrodonevios
loc zrodone zrodonús zrodonemís
inst zrodoneme zrodonevio zrodonso
U-stems
U-stems are mainly feminine, and form a very small section of Aredos
vocabulary. Example given dacrus "teardrop"
Singular: Dual Plural
nom dacrus dacrú dacrues
voc dacrus dacrú dacruess
acc dacrum dacrú dacruns
gen dacruis dacrús dacrom
dat dacruí dacrúvio dacruís
abl dacrú dacrú dacruvis
loc dacrui dacrús dacrumís
inst dacrume dacrúvio dacroro
Consonant-stems
Consonant stems can be divided into three types, distinguished by the final
cononant's place of articulation, either labial, dental or velar. In the
nominative singular they end in -ps, -(long vowel)s and -cs respectively.
These endings are derived from PIE athematic stems which end in consonants-
which reappear in their proper form in the oblique cases. For example, PIE
*bhrug "throat" gives nominative singular frucs, but accusative singular
frugem. Examples given: eneps "navel", nepós "nephew, grandson" and frucs
"throat".
Labial consonant stems
Singular: Dual Plural
nom eneps enevó enevés
voc eneps enevó enevés
acc enevem enevó enevans
gen enevis enevós enevom
dat eneví enebio enevís
abl enevé enevú enebos
loc eneve eneviús enevemís
inst eneme enebio enepso
Dental consonant stems
Singular: Dual Plural
nom nepós nepotó nepotés
voc nepós nepotó nepotés
acc nepotem nepotó nepotans
gen nepotis nepotós nepotem
dat nepotí nepóvio nepotís
abl nepoté nepotú nepóvos
loc nepote nepotiús nepómís
inst nepóme nepóvio nepóso
Velar consonant stems
Singular: Dual Plural
nom frucs frugó frugés
voc frucs frugó frugés
acc frugem frugó frugans
gen frugis frugós frugom
dat frugí fruhio frugís
abl frugé frugú fruhos
loc fruge frugiús frugnís
inst frugne fruhio frucso
Sigmatic stems
Sigmatic stems are those which ended in *s in PIE, such as *lus "louse".
These decline as normal consonantal stems, but the final -s changes to -r-
between vowels, so nominative lus but accusative lurem. Example given lus
"flea"
Singular: Dual Plural
nom lus luró lurés
voc lus luró lurés
acc lurem luró lurans
gen luris lurós lurom
dat lurí luspio lurís
abl luré lurú luspos
loc lure luriús lusmís
inst lusme luspio lusso
Dan
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La plus belle fois qu'on m'a dit
"je t'aime"
c'était un mec
qui me l'a dit...
Francis Lalane
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