Re: new parts of speech/cases

>
> i guess you called "patient" and "focus" after Rick Morneau?
yeah i did. :) btw do you know any other "real" linguists that use the same
system he does?

> i
> can see that your
> "focus" includes result and addressee. then how do you manage this:
> "i write a letter on paper to the man."
> agent verb result/pattern patient addressee
> of course i'm cheating since the verb "to write" combines the
> elaboration and
> the sending of the letter ;-) maybe your causijunction "to
> benefit to" works
> this out?
>
my focus-object doesn't include addressee or result, those are both under
the patient-object. I am going to re-tag the role of the paper in the
sentence you gave as "instrument/medium", which is a third case. A minyeva
sentence can contain multiple instances of any case.

i = (case) patient-object
e = (case) instrument/medium
bo = (causijunction) distant recipient/benefactor

the sentence would look like so:
le fedu  i da kleta  e mlukiqa bo i te  vlenu.
I  write - a  letter - paper   -- - the man.

here, "write" is an 'action' verb, not specifying specifically the resulting
state of the letter (besides being written). The paper was used as a medium
in this process. The writing of the letter has the man as a distant
recipient (he was sent the letter).

I suppose since causijunctions always have the patient-object case after
them, the 'i' wouldn't necessarily have to be said. Here are the different
possibilities of objects the 'fedu' verb can take:

(first the cases)
u = (case) focus-object
a = (case) location

le fedu u te vlenu (i write about the man)
le fedu i da kleta (i write the letter: creating it)
le fedu bo i te vlenu (i write to the man)
le fedu e da jekla e mlukiqa (i write with a pencil on paper)
le fedu a mlukiqa (i write while sitting/standing on paper)

I have a case that i forgot about, it's a combination of focus and patient;
it's used if something that's normally a focus happens to be
changed/created/destroyed by the action.

ui = (case) focus/patient-object (need a name!)
-ge = (suffix) verb promoter (state -> action)

zena le u te  dine
read I  - the book

le zenage i te  vlenu
I  read - the man
I read to the man

le zenage u te  dine i te  vlenu
I  read   - the book - the man

le zenage mlusi ui te  dine i te  vlenu
I  read worn  -- the book - the man
I read the book to the man, wearing it thin.

marking the book as the focus makes it the mental focus, but also allows it
to be a 'patient pivot' as far as the causation string goes, so that a
change of state can be specified for it. Otherwise, in the sentence above,
if the book was just marked as a focus, it would be elaborating on the state
verb 'mlusi' instead of the action verb 'zenage', and 'mlusi' would describe
the state of the man. If the book (in focus case) was put after zenage to
attach it there, then the state 'mlusi' (worn/damaged) would again apply to
the man instead of the book:

le zenage mlusi u te dine i te vlenu.
i read, giving the man a book injury.

le zenage u te dine mlusi i te vlenu
I read the book, injuring the man.

yeah, my system is on crack. Think it's workable? Could you come up with any
other hard examples for my system to handle? The challenge would be
appreciated :)

> Obrenje's predicative case |u| apparently includes instruments as
> well (and
> occasionally incorporates them in the verb like i've read in
> Shibatani that Ainu
> does). i have the same system as yours but i don't tag the focus
> differently
> from the patient when they are the object of a verb. i just use
> prepositions
> meaning "into" (result), "in" (location), "to" (addressee),
> "from" (adversive),
> etc., to say "hey, the object after the verb is truely a focus".
> i got the trick
> from all the natlangs i know.
--
Garrett Jones
http://www.alkaline.org