Re: motion verbs in Tokana

>From: Matt Pearson "<jmpearson@...>"
>Subject:      motion verbs in Tokana
>
>Recently I did a revamping of motion verbs in Tokana, and I
>thought I'd share what I came up with.  Originally motion verbs
>were of two types, which I might call "trajectory verbs" and
>"manner verbs".  Trajectory verbs specify the direction/goal/
>source/etc. of a moving entity, while manner verbs focus on
>the means of locomotion which the entity is moving:
Vector tense distinguishes verbs of location, motion on a path,
motion with a defined velocity, and acceleration.  The basic roots are
dis::- is displaced to
pas::- moving on path
ves::-moving on path with velocity
ses::-accelerating on path

The basic motion or state is modified with adverbial suffixes:
          DIS                            PAS      VES        SES

  nir     within       is moving within pasnir   vesnir      sesnir
  rur     surrounding    is revolving   pasrur   vesrur      sesrur
  pir     penetrated     is penetrating paspir   vespir      sespir
  jas     next to        is passing     pasjas   vesjas      sesjas
  tor     towards        is arriving    pastor   vestor      sestor
  liv     away from      is departing   pasliv   vesliv      sesliv
  xos     inward         is approaching pasxos   vesxos      sesxos
  tos     outward        is receding    pastos   vestos      sestos
  zoz     re xos se tos  is oscillating paszoz   veszoz      seszoz
  tan     tangential  moving on tangent pastan   vestan      sestan
  dej     edge (of)      is at the edge of, touching, disdej;
                         is moving to the edge of; pasdej
  par     alongside   moving parallel   paspar   vespar      seskar
  tar     across      moving across     pastar   vestar      sestar
  ton     on (open surface)  moving on  pason    veson       seson
  yug     random stir.  [see lexicon for full definition]
* kin     replaces kon
          coincident with located_at [place, object]
          coincident  moving together   paskin   veskin      seskin
  inir    outside        moving outside of
  inpir   withdrawn      moving out of  pasinpir vesinpir    sesinpir
  pin     on (skin, closed surface) dispin, paspin, vespin,  sespin
          on skin, moving on ton/liv away liv skin,  inirpin,
          outside surface.
  net     between        located|moving|speeding|accelerating|;
                         between.

[NEED "NEAR" "COVERING" "OPEN" "CLOSED"]


   ma, min, de, vo, get, let.
   +    -   rt  lt   >    <

   SPATIAL RELATIVE WORDS: "or" sets an origin.
   Word  Derivation     Math origin    English         Spanish

   ior   i or           i or (object)  right of the..    derecho del
   inor  in i or       -i or (object)  left of the..     izquierdo del
   jor   ju or          j or (object)  in front of the.. adelante del
   ijor  in ju or      -j or (object)  behind the..      atras de la
   kor   ke or          k or (object)  above  the..      encima de la
   ikor  in ke or      -k or (object)  below  the..      abajo de la

>
>Trajectory verbs:
>
>  eta     "go to(wards)"
    pastor or pas-tor or tor pas.

>  hepa    "go along (the edge of)"
    paspindej or paspardej
    Literally: moving parallelly and edgely.
>  ampiota         "go around, surround"
    pasrur
>  kloha   "go through"
    paspir
    Literally: move throughly.
>  hyla    "pass, go past, go beyond"
    pasget (noun)
    Literally: move greater than...
>  lhyua   "enter, go into (an enclosed space)"
    pasfisnir
    Literally: move destinationly withinly.
>  typa    "go into (a body of water), submerge o.s. in"
    pasikorpin vod
    Literally: move down below the surface of the water.
>  sufa    "exit, go out of (an enclosed space)"
    pasinir
    Literally: move outsidely.
>  fuia    "emerge from (a body of water)"
    paskor vod
    Literally: move up above the (origin) water.
    paskorpin vod
    Literally: move up above the (origin) surface of the water.
>  nema    "go around in all directions, wander"
    pasyug
    Literally a kind of random stir, as defined by S. Degrace.
>  kahpa   "go down (to), ascend"  [descend?? glk]
    pas ikor (origin).
    Literally: move below from origin X.
>  yisa    "go up (to), descend"  [ascend?? glk]*
    paskor (from origin)
    Literally: move above the (origin)
    pas ko fis (destination)  (paskofis)
    Literally: move uply with (destination)
    *Approach while descending from...
    pas ko tor or.  Paskotoror (origin).
    move down toward from origin ...
>
>Manner verbs:
>
>  eta     "walk"
>  penta   "run"
>  sihana          "swim"
>  uasta   "fly"
>  kaklala         "crawl (on legs), scuttle/scurry/scamper"
>  piysa   "slither"
>  ianta   "jump"
>
The manner verbs can be expressed vectorially if wanted, but generally
it is normal to use relexes of natlangs. For example:
<pas pai> means "move walkingly"  "pa" by itself means walk, noun or
verb, in NGL. NGl allows either mode.

>I've now added a third category of motion verbs which
>conflate both manner and trajectory.  These verbs are
>formed by prefixing one of the trajectory verbs with a
>"manner prefix", where the manner prefixes are
>derived in quasi-regular fashion from the manner verbs:
>
>  pa-     "by running"
>  si(h)-          "by swimming"
>
>Some examples:
>
xxxxxxx
>
>  uaskloha        "fly through"
>  uastypa         "fly down and land (in a body of water)"
These are all expressed in vector tense with the combination of the
basic motion verb and an appropriate adverbs, as above. Adverbs are
available in several forms, I have to leave now, but thanks for your
interesting post. It appears to me that putting form aside, there is a
lot of conceptual convergence between Tokana tense and Vector tense.


Truly,
Gerald Koenig

More about vector tense and NGL can be seen at:

ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/jl/jlk/writekit.nov