'til April, then! (was Re: List of natlangs)
| From: | Joshua Shinavier <jshinavi@...> |
|---|
| Date: | Saturday, December 19, 1998, 12:22 |
|---|
Hello!
This will be my last post to CONLANG for at least three months, unless I lo=
cate
a computer in California and read the list through eGroups' archive, which,
being a mailing list addict I probably will. Please don't send any mail to
my Swiss address as I won't be here to receive it; send it to:
vehreneld@usa.net which I use when I'm out-of-country.
My webpage (which is missing a few chapters yet which I wasn't able to uplo=
ad,
but I'll probably upload those from the US, as I'm taking them with me on d=
isk.
The page just received its 1000th visit today :) is at:
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Crete/5555/ven.htm
=20
Please update your links/bookmarks if they still point to the old page, as =
I
no longer update that one.
Below is the natlang list, will an expanded entry on Mandarin thanks to Kou=
.
If you have questions, corrections, new entries, etc., *don't* send them to
me in Switzerland as I won't be here, and don't bother me with them in
California as I won't care anyway ;-)
Over to Carlos for now!
Halen jorw=EF Krist=EFen=F6n!
(i.e. "May you have a merry Christmas-time!")
Josh
_/_/ _/_/ _/_/_/_/ Joshua Shinavier =20
_/ _/ _/ Loorenstrasse 74, Zimmer B321=20
_/ _/ _/_/_/_/ CH-8053 Z=FCrich =20
_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ Switzerland =20
_/_/_/_/ _/_/_/_/ _/_/_/_/ http://members.tripod.com/~Paradox5
NOTES:
* One proposed form of the entries for this list goes as follows, and has
been used for some entries so far:
L =3D name(s) of the Language - possibly the dialects
C =3D name(s) of the Country (countries) - full and common
S =3D name(s) of the resident or/and the Speaker
A =3D Adjective(s)
O =3D Occurrence (spoken in)
R =3D Remarks (comments)
* Some poss. helpful websites:
The Human Languages Page: http://www.june29.com/HLP/
Ethnologue: http://gamma.sil.org/ethnologue/
=20
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
=20
Adele:
in Adele: Gidire [...]
person: Bidire [...]
Afrikaans:
Country: Suid-Afrika (in Dutch: Zuid-Afrika)
Language: Afrikaans
Person: Afrikaaner
Akan:
Akha:
Akkadian:
Albania:
Albanian, Gheg:
Albanian, Tosk:
Country: Shqipe:ria
Language: shqip
Person: shqiptar
=20
L - shqipe [Sk;i.pE]
2 dialects: Gegian (north), Toskian (south)
C - Republika e Shqipe:rise: [Sk;i.p@.r;i.s@], Shqipe:ria [Sk;i.p@.r;ja]
S - Shqip(e:)tar [Sk;i.p(@)'tar]
A - ?
O - Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Dalmatia (Arbe:nesh), Greece
(Arbe:rishte), southern Italy (Arbe:resh), Bulgaria, Ukraina and emigra=
nts
in Italy and USA
E - ?; cf. shqipoj [Sk;.'pOj]? 'I speak intelligible'
R
(1) I don't know the orig. names of the dialects.
(2) stress ?
Alemannic:
in German: Alemannisch [Al.E'mAn.iS]
Allemannisch, together with Boarisch, Plautdietsch, Saechsich,=20
Letzebuergesch and Koelsch, are not merely dialects; they are separate=
=20
languages. Very closely related in some cases, but separate langs=20
nevertheless.
=20
=20
Amharic:
Andorra (Principat d'Andorra):
languages:
Catalan-Valencian-Balear:
lang: ... [...]
adj: ... [...]
spoken in:
Andorra (31,000; 61% of population)
other countries (4,353,000 or more speakers)
Spain
France
Italy
USA
Latin America
western Europe
Algeria
-->French
-->Spanish (Castilian)
Arabic:
Language: al-=91arabiyya al-fus.h.a`
(OR al-fas.i-h.a) 'pure Arabic', i.e. 'classical'
Person (Arab):
al-=91arabi- 'Arab'
al-=91arab 'Arabs' nomen generis
Countries:
Republic of Iraq: [al 'dZum.hu.ri.ya al i.'ra.qi.ya]
Syrian Arab Republic: [al 'dZum.hu.ri.ya al 'a.ra.bi.ya as 'su.ri.ya]
Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya:
[al dZa.ma.'hi.ri.ya al 'a.ra.bi.ya al iS.ti.'ra.ki.ya al Sa.'?a.bi.y=
a=20
al 'lib.ya]
Islamic Republic of Mauritania:=20
[al 'dZum.hu.ri.ya al mus.'li.mi.ya al mau.ri.'ta.ni.ya]
Republic of Yemen: [al 'dZum.hu.ri.ya al ya.'ma.ni.a]
Democratic & Popular Republic of Algeria:
[al 'dZum.hu.ri.ya al dZa.za.'?i.ri.ya di.muq.'ra.ti.ya aS Sa.'?a.bi.=
ya]
State of Kuwait: ['daw.lat al ku.wajt]=20
Sultanate of Oman: ['sal.ta.nat u.'man]
United Arab Emirates: [al 'i.ma.rat al 'a.rab.i.ya al 'mut.ta.hi.da]
State of Qatar: ['daw.lat al 'qa.tar]
State of Bahrain: ['daw.lat al 'bah.rain]
Kingdom of Morocco: [al 'mam.la.kah al 'maG.rE.bi.ya] (G =3D voiced vel=
ar=20
fric)
FEderal Islamic Republic of the Comoros:
['dZum.hu.ri.ya al 'qu.mur al 'it.Ta.di.ya al 'is.la.mi.ya]
State of Eritrea: ['daw.lat al E.rit.'rE.a]
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: [al 'mam.la.kah al 'a.rab.i.ya as 'sa.?u.di.ya=
]
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan:=20
[al 'mam.la.kah al 'ur.dun.ni.yah al 'ha.SE.mi.yah]
Republic of Djibouti: [al 'dZum.hu.ri.ya al dZi.'bu.ti]
Republic of Lebanon: [al 'dZum.hu.ri.ya al lub.'na.ni.ya]
Republic of Sudan: [al 'dZam.hu.ri.yat as su.'dan]
Arab Repuiblic of Egypt: ['dZum.hu.ri.ya misr al 'r.ra.bi.ya]
Republic of Tunisia: [al 'dZum.hu.ri.ya at tu.'ni.si.yah]
Armenia:
Country: Hayastan
Assamiese:
Austria:
in German: =D6sterreich ['Wst.Er.rAjx]
national language is -->German.
other languages:
Allemannisch:
Country: Eisterraisch ['Ajst.Er.rAjS]
Awadhi:
Azerbaijani:
Belarus:
Basque:=20
Country: Euskadi (stress on ultimate syl)
Language: Euskara/Euskera
Person: Euskaldun
Belarus:
Country: Belarus
Language: belarusskiy yazyk
Adjective: belarusskiy
Bengali:
Bhojpuri:
Bulgarian:
Country: B'lgariya (' =3D schwa)
Adjective: b'lgarski
Burme
Country: Myanmase:
Cebuano:
Chhattisgarhi:
China:
Country: chung kuo (?) chung guo [is this Mandarin?]
Chinese:
see -->Mandarin
-->Wu
-->Yue
-->Min Nan
-->Jinyu
-->Xiang
-->Hakka
-->Min Bei
Colombia:
Country: Colombia /ko'lombja/ (Colombia or Columbia)
Adjective: colombiano /kolom'bjano/
National: colombiano | colombiana
Language: espan~ol /espa'Jol/ (Spanish)
Etimology: Named after Christoforu Colombus. Some times translated into
English as Columbia for the same reason.
Ethnic groups: Many aboriginal groups with no clear supremacy from any
of them, descendents of Spaniards and other Europeans and from Black
Africans brought as slaves. Very mixed.
Croatian:=20
Country: Hrvatska
Adjective: hrvatski
Person: (m) hrvat; (f) hrvatka (?)
Czech:
Country: C^eska Republika (^ =3D Hachek)
Adjective: c^esky' (' =3D acute)
Danish:
national language of -->Denmark
in Danish: dansk [d&nsk]
adj: dansk [d&nsk]
person from Denmark (i.e. Dane): danskere ['d&n.sgO]
*note that Danes don't capitalize these terms.
Deccan:
Denmark:
national language is -->Danish
in Danish: Danmark ['d&n.mark]
Dutch:
Dzonkha:
Country: Kingdom of Bhutan [druk gjal xab]
England:
in English: England ['INg.land]
adj, person: English ['INg.liS]
English:
widely spoken language originating in -->England
in English: English :-) ['iNg.lIS]
adj.: English ['iNg.liS]
Estonian:
language: eesti keel ['e:s.ti ke:l]
person: eestlane ['e:st.la.nE]
country: Republic of Estonia: Eesti Vabariik ['e:s.ti va.pa.ri:k]
Farsi:
Country: Islamic Republic of Iran: [dZumhuri e eslami e irAn]
Finnish:
(see -->Finland)
Finland: Suomi ['suo.mi]
Finnish (adjective/language/person): suomalainen ['suo.mA.lAi.nen]
The "S"s are pretty heavily labialized, and the "L" is the "dark"
variety.
France:
in French: France [frAs] (with nasalized /A/)
adj.: fran=E7ais [frA'se] (with nasalized /A/)
French:
language spoken in -->France and other European countries, Africa, etc.
in French: fran=E7ais [frA'se] (with nasalized /A/)
adj.: fran=E7ais [frA'se] (with nasalized /A/)
(fem. form is fran=E7aise [frA'sEz] (with nazalized /A/)
Gan:
German:
national language of Germany, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein
in German: Deutsch [dojtS]
Dialects:
Bavarian:
High German for Bavaria: Bayern ['bAj.Ern]
lang: Bayrisch ['bAj.riS] or Bayerisch ['bAj.Er.iS]
adj.: bayrisch ['bAj.riS] or bayerisch ['bAj.Er.iS]
adj./lang in Bavarian: boarisch (['bo.@r.IS], the [r] being a velar
approximant)
Germany:
national langauge --> German
in German: Deutschland ['dojtS.lant] (final /d/ as an unaspirated [t])
adj., person: deutsch [dojtS]
Greek:
Country: Ellas
Language: ellinikai
=20
greece: 'ella'da
person:
male: 'e'llEnas, 'e'llEn
female: 'ellEni'da, 'ellEni's
lang, adj: 'ellEniko's
I have used roman equivalents of greek letters E-is eta: historically lon=
g
e, but now pronounced as i (AFAIR)
'- historical breathing, not changes pronountiation in modern greek
a'-stressed a
o'-stressed 0
e'-stressed e
Gujarati:
Hakka:
Haryanvi:
Hausa:
Hiligaynon:
Hindi:
language spoken primarily in India
in Hindi: Hindi ['hInd.i]
person: Hindustani [hIn.du'stA.ni]
=20
Hungarian: magyar (gy =3D palatalised d)
Country: Magyarorsz=E1g (=E1 =3D long, open a)
Language, Person: magyar
Iceland:
in Icelandic: =CDsland ['is.lant] (soft final [t])
person from Iceland: =CDslendingur ['is.lEnd.IN.ur] (not sure about stres=
s)
adj.: =EDslensk ['is.lEnsk]
=20
Stress in Icelandic is always on the first syllable, with secondary=20
stress on 3rd, 5th, etc. syllables.
=20
Icelandic:
spoken in -->Iceland
in Icelandic: =CDslenska ['is.leN.ska]
adj.: =EDslensk ['is.lensk]
Icelandic vowels:
a =3D [A], [a]
e =3D [E]
i, y =3D [I]
o =3D [o]
u =3D [u] -- "the /u/ is an IPA o with a line thru it"
o' =3D [ou]
a' =3D [au]
u' =3D [long u] (as opposed to long o-linethru)
e' =3D [je]
i', y' =3D [i:]
Igbo:
Ilocano:
Indonesian:
Langauge: Bahasa Indonesia
Ireland:
ireland: e'ire(e:ri)
person: e'ireannach (e:r@n@x)
lang: gaeilge (gelin') - n' - palatalised n
(AFAIK writing and pronountiation may be different in different dialects =
-
I wrote it in _an mhumhain_ - munster?? dialect)
Italian:
Country: Italia [i'ta.li.a] (pronounciation unsure)
Language/Adjective/Person: Italiano [i.ta.li'a.no] (pronounciation unsure=
)
Japan (lang: Japanese, adj: Japanese, nat: Japanese)
Country: Nihon ([ni.hOn])
Language: Nihongo ([ni.hON.go])
Adjective: Nihon no (?) ([ni.hOn no])
Nationality: Nihonjin (ni.hOn.dZin])
I'm not entirely sure on the syllable-final n's/
=20
Nippon [nip'pOn] is an alternate (more formal?) form. "Nihon no" is not
technically an adjective AFAIK but the equivalent of "of Japan." The
first three are accented on the second syllable, not sure about
"nihonjin". "Nihongo" can also be pronounced (in the Tokyo dialect)
[ni'hON.No].
Javanese:
Jinyu:
Kannada:
Kazakh:
Country: Qazaqstan
Khmer:
Country: Kampuch=E9a
Korean:
Country: Democratic People's Republic of Korea:
Choson Minjujui Inmin Konghuaguk
Kurmanji:
Lombard:
Luxembourg:
Language: L=EBtzebuergesch (Luxembourgeois)
Country: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg:
Grousherzogdem L=EBtzebuerg ['grous.hEr.tsog.dEm 'l@.tsE.bwerg]
Langauge: l=EBtzebuergesche Sprooch ['l@.tsE.bwer.gE.S@ Spro:x]
Macedonian:
Country: Makedonia
Language: makedonski ezik
Madura:
Magahi:
Maithili:
Malay:
Mandarin:
Language (listed are two different representations of the same name):
han/y=FC< (< =3D falling-rising tone, / =3D rising tone)
[xan4 jY3] (the number indicates the tone)
Country (two names in different romanization systems, both Mandarin, for
two distinct political entities):
zhonguo / Zhong Hua Ren Min Gong He Guo
This is the name of the People's Republic of China (i.e. mainland
China), adopted after the revolution in 1949. It is written in the
mainland's pinyin romanization system. (think Mao Zedong)
Chung-hwa Min-kuo
This is the Republic of China, the goverment set up in 1911 following
the fall of the dynasties. The seat of that government is now here in
Taiwan, which (wink, wink, nudge, nudge) still claims to be the
sovereign government of all of China. (think Ching Kai-shek) The
romanization system is what is used in Taiwan. It's not a system I'm
terribly familiar with (mainly 'cause it's so damned inconsistent) so=
I
can't attest whether it's 100% accurate or not ("hwa" or "hua", hyphe=
ns,
and capitalization are up for grabs -- I just don't know), but it
certainly looks okay.
Marathi:
Min Bei:
Min Nan:
Napoletano-Calabrese:
Nepali:
New Zealand:
in English: New Zealand [nju zi:l'nd]
adj: New Zealand (for nationality not language)
person: New Zealander [nju zi:l'nd']
in Maori: Aotearoa or Niu Tireni
adj: Ingarihi (English), Maaori (Maori)
person: Paakekaa (of European descent), Maaori (of Maori descent)
(In Maori a doubled vowel marks lengthening, more commonly written, wit=
h
a macron)
Norway:
national language: -->Norwegian
in Norwegian: Norge ['nor.jE] or Noreg ['nor.Eg]
'Norge' is bokm=E5l, 'Noreg' is nynorsk, both are valid.
Norwegian:
spoken in -->Norway
in Norwegian: Norsk [norsk]
adj: norsk [norsk]
Oriya:
Oromo:
Panjabi:
Eastern Panjabi:
Western Panjabi:
Pashto:
Philippines:
country name:
-"Republika ng Pilipinas" [re'pu:blika naN pili'pi:nas].
-Commonly called "Pilipinas" [pili'pi:nas]
national language:
-"Pilipino" [pili'pi:noh] - based on "Tagalog"
[ta'ga:log], the language spoken in and around Manila
(locally called "Maynila" [maj'ni:lah]).
a Filipino (anyone from the Philippines regardless of mother-
tongue):
-"Pilipino" [Pilipi:noh].
-Colloquially this is "Pinoy" [pi'noj].
-Both of the above terms are also used as adjectives.
a native Tagalog-speaker:
"Tagalog" [ta'ga:log], apparently a contraction of "taga
ilog" [taga'?i:log] meaning 'dweller from the river' or
'river-dweller'.
a Tagalog from Manila:
-"Tagamaynila" [tagamaj'ni:lah].
-"Maynila" [maj'ni:lah] is apparently a contraction of "may
nilad" [maj 'ni:lad] meaning 'there are nilad flowers', thus
"tagamaynila" originally meant a 'dweller from the place
with nilad flowers'.
Poland: Polska ['pOl.ska]
Polish (adjective/language): polski ['pOl.ski]
Polish person: (m.) polak ['pOl.ak], (f.) polka ['pOl.ka]
lang/adj: polski (fem adj. polska, netutr. polskie)
Polish:
L- polski ['pOl.sk;i]
most important dialects:
kaszubski [ka.'Sup.sk;i], mal/opolski [,ma.wO.'pOl.sk;i], s'la;ski
[s^lO~.sk;i], wielkopolski [,v;El.kO.'pOl.sk;i], mazowiecki
[,ma.zO.'v;E.tsk;i]
C - Rzeczpospolita Polska [ZEtS.,pOs.pO.'l;i.ta 'pOl.ska]; Polska
['pOl.ska]
S - m. Polak ['pO.lak], f. Polka ['pOl.ka]
A - m. polski ['pOl.sk;i], f. polska ['pOl.ska], n. polskie ['pOl.sk;E]
O - Poland, Belarus, Ukraina, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia, Kazakhstan,
Bohemia and emigrants in USA, Canada, England, France, Germany, Brazil,
Australia, Sweden, Belgium...
E - connected with tribe's name pl. Polanie [pO.'la.n^E], ?from pole
['pO.lE] 'field'
R
(1) [s], [z], [ts], [dz], [n] - dental
[S], [Z], [tS], [dZ] - alveolar
[s^], [z^], [ts^], [dz^], [n^] - palatal
Portugal (lang/adj/nat.: Portguese)
Country: Portugal ([pOr.tu'gau]?)
With several accents: (hard to say which one is the standard;
the first one is what I beleive to be the Portugal's accent.)
/purtu'gal/
/pOhtu'gaw/
/pohtu'gaw/
/puhtu'gaw/
/portu'gaw/
Lang/Adj./Nat.: Portugue^s ([pOr.tu'ges]?)
/purtu'gejZ/ <- no typo here
/pOhtu'gejz/
/pohtu'gejz/
/puhtu'gejz/
/portu'gejz/
Remo [re'mo], a
small tribal language spoken only by a few
hundred or thousand people in Northern India (it's one of those interesti=
ng
Austronesian languages that's nowhere near where it should be).
Fun fact: they have only one word for both green and blue.
=20
=20
Romani, Vlach:
a Gypsy language
...
Romania:
in Romanian: ... [...]
in Macedo: ... [...]
languages:
-->Romanian
-->Macedo
Romania (romInia):
limba romana (limba romIna)
Russian:
Country: Rossiya
Language: Russkiy yazyk
Adjective: russkiy
country: ro'sija (in writing, but in reading rasija becouse of stress)
adj: r'uskij(m), r'uskaja(f), ?r'uskoje(n)
lang: r'uskij (jaz'yk) (stressed i)
person: ?
j is english y
y is a vowel written by char similar to 'bI' and is something between i a=
nd
e or i u i'm not shure
' before stressed syllabe
Rwanda:
Saraiki:
Serbian:
Country: Srbija
Adjective: srpski
Person: (m) srbin; (f) srpkinja
Shona:
Sindhi:
Sinhala:
Slovak Republic (separated from Czechoslovakia in 1993)
country name: Slovenska' republika ('=3D3D acute)
national language: slovenc^ina (^=3D3D hachek)
NB: Slovak is the official language, but Hungarian is widely spoken in
Southern Slovakia. There is also a sizable Roma ("gypsy") population.
Until the ethnic ravages and dislocations of WWII, Slovak, Czech,
German, Hungarian, Yiddish, Romany, and Ruthenian were all spoken in
Slovak territory.
Slovak person: slova'k (m), slovenka (f)
Slovak (adj): slovensky' (m), slovenska' (f), slovenske' (n)
pronunciation: the accent in Slovak always falls on the first syllable.
orthography: Czech was used as a literary language in Slovakia until the
19th century, when L'udovit S^tu'r definitively codified Slovak as a
written language.
etymology: The word "Slovak" is derived from the word for "Slavic"
(slovensky'=3DSlovak; slovansky'=3DSlavic). Slovak and Czech are distinct
but mutually intelligible languages. Slovak also has a close affinity to
Polish. According to the Slovaks themselves, Slovak is a good first
language from which to learn other Slavic languages such as Polish,
Serbian, and Russian.
Ferenc's critique: I would disagree...I would suggest Slovenian or Serbia=
n
(in that order) due to their archaicness and closeness to Old Slavic.
=20
=20
Somali:
Spain (lang: Spanish, adj.: Spanish, nat: Spaniard/Spanish
Country: Espan~a ([Es'pa.Ja] - [J] =3D palatal nasal)
Language/Adj/Nat.: espan~ol ([Es.pa'JOl]
Espan~ola [Es.pa'JO.la] is feminine
Sunda:
Sweden:
national language: --> Swedish
in Swedish: Sverige ['sver.i.jE]
Country: Sverige /'sve:rije/ (Sweden)
Adjective: svensk /svEnsk/ (Swedish)
National: svensk | svenska (Suede)
Language: svenska /'svEn.ska/ (Swedish)
Etimology:
"Sverige" short for "Sveas Rike" meaning "Contry of the Swedes".
"Sweden" I don't know, probably from Germanic plural for "Swedes".
Also found in German as "Schweden"
Ethnic groups:
Svea (Swede)
Go"te (Goth)
Sami (Lapp in Swedish and English; Sami is the name they use for themse=
lves)
Skaaningar (Scanians, Danes living in Southern Sweden)
Swedish:
national language of --> Sweden
in Swedish: Svenska ['svEn'skA]
Switzerland:
national languages:
--> French (official language)
--> German (official language)
--> Italian (official language)
--> Rhaeto-Romanish
in French: Suisse [suis]
in German: Schweiz [SvAjts]
in Italian: Svizzera [svItzera] (I think...)
in Rhaeto-Romanish: ... [...]
=20
Tagalog:
Tamil:
Tatar:
Telugu:
Thai:
Tibet:
Country: P''h/u/ where /u/ is the German umlaut "u" and P'h is the heavi=
ly
aspirated P.
Language P'h/u/ beh keh
Tongan:=20
Country: Kingdom of Tonga [pule?aNa toNga]
Tukano - (an interesting li'l lang in present day South America: the
people have a social taboo that one must marry outside one's
native linguistic group, which means _everyone_ is bilingual prettymuch)
Turkish:
Country: T=FCrkiye Cumhuriyeti (dZumhurijeti)
Language: t=FCrk=E7e (tyrktSe)
Ukranian:
Country: Ukra=EFna
Adjective: ukra=EFnskii
Uralic ethnonyms/adjectives:
Mansi (Vogul): man's'i (' =3D acute; shows palatalisation)
Khanty (Ostyak): xanti
Karelian: karjalainen (adj), Country: Karjala
Livonian: liiv=F5 (adj), raandali/liivli (person)
Sami (Lappish): s=E1bmelas^ (person); s=E1pme (country); s=E1megiella (la=
ng)
Olonets: anus (low back unrounded a)
Ludian: lyydi(y =3D =FC)
Mari (Cheremis): country: Mari-El
(Non-Uralic ex-Soviet):
Bashkir: country: Bashkortostan
Tajik: To=E7ikiston (=E7 =3D tS)
Urdu:
Country: Pakistan: [islami dZamhurija-e-pakistan]
Uyghur:
Uzbek:
Vatican City:
Country: Status Civitatis Vaticanae
Vietnamese:
lang: tieng viet (with some diacritics...)
=20
Votic: vad,d,aa (d, =3D d with a comma under it =3D Hungarian gy)
Country: vad,d,amaa (aa =3D long a, as in father; a =3D same, but short)
Person: vad,d,alain, vad,d,ako
Language: vad,d,aa c^eeli (c^ =3D c-hachek)
=20
=20
Wales:
lang: Welsh & English, both official
adj: Welsh
nat: Welshman/Welshwoman
Country: Cymru /'k^mr!/
Language: Cymraeg /k^m'raeg/
Adjective: Cymreig /'k^mr@ig/
Nationality: Cymro /'k^mro/, Cymraes /k^m'raes/
Note: ! is the 'barred i' or high, mid vowel similar to Russian bI in Nor=
th
Wales - in South Wales it is simply [i].
Welsh:
see -->Wales
=20
=20
Wu:
Xiang:
Yiddish:
Yoruba:
Yue:
Zhuang:
Zulu:
Ancient langs (mostly extinct): =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
Ugaritic
Minoan Linear A
Minoan Linear B - early dialect of Greek
Lydian - A(sia) M(inor)
Lycian - AM
Luwian (aka Luvian) - AM
Hittite - AM
Hieroglyphic Hittite - AM
Elamitic - Fertile crescent
Thracian - B(alkans)
Ilyrian -Bal
Dacian - Bal
Oscan -It(aly)
Umbrian - It
Sabine - It
Venetic -It
Etruscan - It
Messapic - It (?)
Hieroglyphic Akkadian - FC
Sumerian - FC
Vedic Sanskrit
Pali - a la the Buddhist Sutras
all the Prakrits (Gujarat, Hindi, Bengali, etc.)
(in this column, their ancestral proto-forms of course)
Protolangs: =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D
Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Romance
Proto-Italic
Proto-Germanic
Proto-(every other branch of IE)
Proto-Sinitic - East Asia
Proto-Hamitic -Africa
Proto-Semitic - Middle East
Amerindian - well, duh :)
Nadene - northwest North America
Eskimo-Aleut - really really northwest NA
Proto-Salishan - ditto
(then for the last two, their modern correlates:
Inuktitut
Wahatch Salish (I'm not sure that's the name)
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3DPeople who helped make this list=
:=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
P.M. Arktayg
Daniel Baysden =20
Josh Brandt-Young
Raymond A. Brown
Eric Christopherson
Oliver Cromm
Gustavo Eulalio
David Jacoby
Kristian Jensen
Douglas Koller
Lucasso
Daniel J. O'Neil
Josh Shinavier
Andrew Smith
Taliesin
Nik Taylor
Carlos Thompson
Ferenc Gy. Valoczy
Tom Wier