Roumán Part III - Verbs
From: | Nik Taylor <fortytwo@...> |
Date: | Friday, November 24, 2000, 4:46 |
Verbs have three tenses, present, past, and perfect. All tenses have
"Exalted" forms (used when speaking to inferiors) and "normal" forms
(used when speaking to equals). Present tense also has special "humble"
forms, which only exist in third person, since the humble pronouns take
3rd person agreement. In past and perfect, the "normal" forms are used
with the humble pronouns. There are four sets of verbs, Class I (-áu <
-are), Class II (-éi < -êre), Class III (*-le < -ere; sometimes
different), Class IV (-í < -ire)
Here is the verbal paradigm of a class I verb
Perfect participle: -atous
Present tense
Exalted Normal Humble
S P S P S P
1 ou ánç en éinç
2 as áç eis éis
3 (a)ç an eç en áss áun
Past tense
Exalted Normal
S P S P
1 éi amos áin aléinç
2 ést' ásteis áis aléiç
3 óuç aron áiç áin
Perfect tense
Exalted Normal
S P S P
1 án alánç asen asénç
2 ás aláç aseis aséç
3 áç án aseç asen
There is also an antipassive voice:
Present Tense
Exalted Normal Humble
S P S P S P
1 açoun tousmous acein tusinç
2 atles tóus éç tusiç
3 atleç tousoun aceiç tousein atleis tóesoun
Past Tense
Exalted Normal
S P S P
1 épf toefeinç átlesen toeseinç
2 apfist' toefeiç átleseis toeseiç
3 apfeiç toefein átleseiç toesen
Perfect Tense
Exalted Normal
S P S P
1 apfean toefeanç ápfesen tóefeiseinç
2 apfeas toefeaç ápfeseis tóefeiseiç
3 ápfeaç tóefean ápfeseç tóefeisen
Other perfect tenses are formed by abéi + perfect participle.
The Present Exalted is derived from the Present Indicative
The Present Normal is derived from the Present Subjunctive
The Present Humble is derived from the Future Indicative
The Past Exalted is derived from the Perfect Indicative
The Past Normal is derived from the Imperfect Subjunctive
The Perfect Exalted is derived from Pluperfect Indicative
The Perfect Normal is derived from Pluperfect Subjunctive
Originally, the Exalted forms were the normal forms, and the Normal
forms were defferential forms, the subjunctive having a softening
effect. The Present Humble was originally a "Present Doubtful"
Antipassive forms are derived from the agentive noun (e.g., amâtor) +
esse, thus amâtor sum -> amaçoun, the former absolutive is then placed
in the genetive. For example:
Active:
Go Yui ameç
I Julia love-3rdSingPresNormal
[GO Zwi 'AmEts]
Antipassive
(Go) Yuiei amacein
(I) Julia-gen love-1stSingPresNormalAntipassive
[GO 'Zuje A'mAtsen]
I've yet to work out the other declensional classes inflections, other
than that antipassive is identical for -áu, -éi, and -í verbs in the
plural, and in the singular only differs in that {a/e} is replaced by
{ei/i} for -éi verbs and {i} for -í verbs
To be is çáu, a regular verb derived from _stâre_, _esse_ survives only
in inflections and in the question particle _eipf_ < epfi < efpi < espi
< es pi < est qui. Questions may also be formed simply by intonation,
or by placing _noun_ at the beginning of the sentence (represents a
collapse of Latin _nonne_ and _num_).
Normal word order is SOV or SVO, but all orders possible. Modifiers
generally follow their head.