Re: Classification and 'to be'

/Joe Mondello wrote:

>In Siniuz I have built a system  which uses several verbs to express the
>English 'to be.' including one referring to location, a ser-estar type
>distinction, etc.  One such distinction made is the following:
>
>le can gen le bet
>the dog  is [a member of the category] animal
>
>but
>
>le bet spes can
>the animal is [has as a subcategory] dog
>
>First of all, I am not exactly sure how to term the distinction.  Secondly,
>are there any other conlangs [or natlangs for that matter] that use such a
>system?
>pacs precs
>Joe Mondello
Draseleq has four ways of expressing what in English should be "to be".

First, "to be" is never used with adjectives, because they are verbs:

  rronten "to be big"

  rronet, rroner, rron   "I'm big, you're big, it's big" (etc.)

Then, there are three different verbs for common functions of "to be":

  arten      "to be (located at), to stay"
  thu"asten  "to be, to exist"
  qesten     "to be, to be of class X"

_thu"asten_ is used for general existence, like "there is" in English.
_qesten_  puts together two noun phrases, like "I am a person"
          or "My house is this one".


--Pablo Flores
<http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Shire/1021/draseleq.html>

begin 600 WINMAIL.DAT
M>)\^(B82`0:0" `$```````!``$``0>0!@`(````Y 0```````#H``$-@ 0`
M`@````(``@`!!) &`#P!```!````# ````,``# #````"P`/#@`````"`?\/
M`0```%(`````````@2L?I+ZC$!F=;@#=`0]4`@````!#;VYS=')U8W1E9"!,
M86YG=6%G97,@3&ES= !33510`$-/3DQ!3D= 0E)/5TY632Y"4D]73BY%1%4`
M```>``(P`0````4```!33510`````!X``S !````&@```$-/3DQ!3D= 0E)/
M5TY632Y"4D]73BY%1%4````#`!4,`0````,`_@\&````'@`!, $````=````
M)T-O;G-T<G5C=&5D($QA;F=U86=E<R!,:7-T)P`````"`0LP`0```!\```!3
M3510.D-/3DQ!3D= 0E)/5TY632Y"4D]73BY%1%4```,``#D`````"P! .@$`
M```"`?8/`0````0````````#DSD!"( '`!@```!)4$TN36EC<F]S;V9T($UA
M:6PN3F]T90`Q" $$@ $`'P```%)%.B!#;&%S<VEF:6-A=&EO;B!A;F0@)W1O
M(&)E)P`H"@$%@ ,`#@```,X'"0`;``\``@`[````10$!(( #``X```#.!PD`
M&P`.`#0`.P```'8!`0F `0`A````-3$Y,T5!0T$P1#4V1#(Q,3E#,CDT-#0U
M-3,U-# P,# `W 8!`Y &`! &```2````"P`C```````#`"8```````L`*0``
M`````P`V``````! `#D`X,L#$$'JO0$>`' ``0```!\```!213H@0VQA<W-I
M9FEC871I;VX@86YD("=T;R!B92<```(!<0`!````%@````&]ZD$0`\KJDU)6
M#1'2G"E$15-4`````!X`'@P!````!0```%--5% `````'@`?# $````;````
M9F9L;W)E<T!T874N=V%M86YI+F%P8RYO<F<```,`!A!5UH1"`P`'$*,#```>
M``@0`0```&4````O2D]%34].1$5,3$]74D]413I)3E-)3DE56DE(059%0E5)
M3%1!4UE35$5-5TA)0TA54T534T5615)!3%9%4D)35$]%6%!215-35$A%14Y'
M3$E32%1/0D5)3D-,541)3D=/3D52``````(!"1 !````AP0``(,$``!Y"0``
M3%I&=?J"_4O_``H!#P(5`J0#Y 7K`H,`4!,#5 (`8V@*P'-E=&XR!@`&PP*#
M,@1&`@!P<')Q,2 (50>R`H!]?PJ ",\)V0* "H$-L0M@;F!G,3 S- K[$O%S
M;#$X"J #8'0%D 5 +[A*;V4%T (@#;!L%3#1& P@('<9`CH8#QD4MPJ/&I@=
M%3X;KQD420.@HE,+@&EU>B"@(!' ,G89H&)U`Q %0&$@*'-Y<QD@;1LA:&EY
M$; @=1'P!" 1\"&0<A4'0" CD6($('1O()QE>!.@!Y D,6AE'1?7&FL?/QD%
M11=0; 0`(P"")R118F4N)R +@,IC"D!D"X!G( (@&:!]%:!F!) %$"F1)%$5
M,&-H871I`B L(A($D"W'!Y !D 7 ='EP)2\F/S\8JREP(F I(2L4$@!C+F4;
M($\IT7-U(O$O62#O`, -L"D0).,@`A :$0/P_1=0.BQ_+8\<7S./-)\9!>YL
M&: J\ .@9PGP..(HT)YT-A\W+QBZ,E)D;RF@/3(26R(@!X &T!1!;V:3,D,J
M\65G!;!Y72(0_P,``, 5@!WO'O\U;SIO02__&10AP#G_0Y]!ST7O1O\X>?\Y
MT2(P+% $(#DA2(])GSPNOS]4/6,1P 0@4#(PL6(^N'\](4Q?36]'SU(/4Q\9
M!4;>:1'@!4 ^00= ;"M0(5 Z82*0;AD0)'$`T'1L?GDPL16@(6 RT"1"&2!R
M_R*0/.,O:#!1!F %H!G@63#^+%2?5:\8N@K &: E`5F!_P!P64 9$%]1.1 "
M(!<R/8']!;%N*P!@= (0+!$1P 5 ?P# `D $D#\P8>,C(3"T8>]<+UT_&+HB
M1#]CKV2_&+K]'4!C!" DH6GP9O]H#QBZ=QF*:G] 6D0CL!'P%8 G>&4Y<2%A
M88((<!LP8?\B4#XR)(4I@B+ 8@$+@"@'DRA@"&!L9"C!("(HH_PB+AT5'157
M<RM0= 4R$G\IT".1(Q)SL /P)0`B$&3J:ADQ:2&0<RM0*- J\/]C`B4!64!?
M`B/S,R8=%1L@'RI `B$Y<70$(;!I9R+?>;]ZP1(`*U!\XW)]1'J!N")))R*0
M>Z$K4'D(8&XG68%^HW= )P0@>Z(@ZB@P(BETC%0E$"M!7T7_7Q,)T2]!#=!?
M80(P(^5AHLT%H&T$8 .@9G4OI'%COW0%>:\*P'KRAT-[-2@JT[MW`2L`*8'1
M)& KX7E[UO,;("4`=2)0,(<3= 2(T_<D@"]AB6AQ*]&')8JY<]&O/D$I0% P
M!"!8>]U?B@?^7S(2=N-AHCEA(Z.+8PGP]F.+`2A :W/B7U,$`'8Q^W+'='9?
MC%20$&G 18 D,O,Y8%_S='<D8%B@A+!IP/^"H' !>!&2)%A3(B L4!'@GP(@
M=C!Z)YB6!;$B35E _W-Q8Q$R(S(A*<%T9VOO'+_C'<^<U"TM4 &@%3!78"<5
M,0>0G,4\: ) <#KH+R]WH+ N.6 JX'= *0B0<RZ$,2\'$&5AL#4Q+U,BT!6@
M+Q=PBC*B(&1O\V5Q+J! 6&UL/IS%%,$`I( ``P`0$ `````#`!$0`0```$ `
L!S `:N2I/^J]`4 `"# `:N2I/^J]`1X`/0`!````!0```%)%.B `````E-D`
`
end