Theiling Online    Sitemap    Conlang Mailing List HQ   

Re: CHAT: TRANS: I learned Swedish in Uppsala.

From:Matt Pearson <jmpearson@...>
Date:Tuesday, January 25, 2000, 23:51
I'm the originator of the sentence, so I suppose I
should contribute a Tokana translation:

Ma ispun ulumat itom sulmo Suelia ite' Upsalai
"I learned to speak Swedish in Uppsala"

ma  =  1sg ERG
isp-un  =  learn-PAST.INDEF
ulum-at  =  communicate-DEP.INDIC
itom  =  the (INST)
sul-mo  =  language-INST
Suelia  =  Sweden
ite'  =  the (DAT)
Upsala-i  =  Uppsala-DAT

Random Notes:

(1) Tokana has two past tense forms.  The so-called
Past Definite "-e" is used to indicate a single event which
took place at some specific (though not necessarily
identifiable) time in the past.  The Past Indefinite "-un"
is used to indicate a past state or process, a past habitual
action, an indefinite series of actions in the past, or an
event located at some random point in the past.  The
Past Indefinite is used here since the event of learning
is prolonged, not confined to a single delimitable period
of time.

(2) The verb "uluma" means "communicate, use language".
It takes an ergative subject (the one doing the communi-
cating) and an instrumental complement (the language
or mode of communication being utilised).

Matt.